An Encyclopaedia of Language_01

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An Encyclopaedia of Language_01AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF LANGUAGEAN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF LANGUAGE EDITED BY N.E.COLLINGE London and New York First published 1990 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’scollection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © Routledge 1990 © Figures 29–41, Bernard Quinn, 1985 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data An Encyclopaedia of language. 1. Language I. Collinge, N.E. Neville Edgar, 1921– 400 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data An Encyclopaedia of language/edited by N.E.Collinge. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN 0-415-02064-6 (Print Edition) 1. Language and languages. 2. Linguistics. I. Collinge, N.E. P106.A46 1989 410–dc20 89–6203 ISBN 0-203-40361-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-71185-8 (Adobe eReader Format) CONTENTS vi Notes on the Contributors x Editor’s IntroductionPART A THE INNER NATURE OF LANGUAGE 1. Language as available sound: phonetics 2 M.K.C.MacMahon 2. Language as organised sound: phonology 17 Erik Fudge 3. Language as form and pattern: grammar and its categories 38 D.J.Allerton 4. Language as a mental faculty: Chomsky’s progress 62 P.H.Matthews 5. Language, meaning and sense: semantics 76 D.A.Cruse 6. Language, meaning and context: pragmatics 94 Geoffrey Leech and Jenny Thomas 7. Language as a written medium: text 114 János S.Petöfi 8. Language as a spoken medium: conversation and interaction 134 Marion Owen 9. Language universals and language types 155 J.R.PaynePART B THE LARGER PROVINCE OF LANGUAGE 10. Language and mind: psycholinguistics 186 Jean Aitchison 11. Language in the brain: neurolinguistics 205 Ruth Lesser 12. The breakdown of language: language pathology and therapy 232 Paul Fletcher 13. Language and behaviour: anthropological linguistics 253 Edgar G.Polomé 14. Language in society: sociolinguistics 267 James Milroy and Lesley Milroy 15. Second languages: how they are learned and taught 285 David Wilkins 16. Language in education 301 Michael Stubbs v 17. Language and literature 322 Ronald Carter 18. Language and computation 333 Christopher S.ButlerPART C SPECIAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE 19. Language as words: lexicography 363 A.P.Cowie 20. Language and writing-systems 378 J.D.Mountford 21. Sign language 397 Bencie Woll 22. Language and its students: the history of linguistics 426 Vivien Law 23. Language engineering: sp ...