An Introduction to English Phonetics

Because the English-speaking world contains so many diverse com -munities, scattered over a wide geographical area with different histori-cal and cultural backgrounds, our basic stance is that it is not really possible to describe the phonetics of ‘English’ as such.
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An Introduction to English Phonetics An Introduction to English Phonetics Richard Ogden An Introduction to English Phonetics Edinburgh Textbooks on the English Language General Editor Heinz Giegerich, Professor of English Linguistics (University of Edinburgh) Editorial Board Laurie Bauer (University of Wellington) Derek Britton (University of Edinburgh) Olga Fischer (University of Amsterdam) Rochelle Lieber (University of New Hampshire) Norman Macleod (University of Edinburgh) Donka Minkova (UCLA) Edward W. Schneider (University of Regensburg) Katie Wales (University of Leeds) Anthony Warner (University of York) titles in the series include An Introduction to English Syntax Jim Miller An Introduction to English Phonology April McMahon An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy An Introduction to International Varieties of English Laurie Bauer An Introduction to Middle English Jeremy Smith and Simon Horobin An Introduction to Old English Richard Hogg An Introduction to Early Modern English Terttu Nevalainen An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics Patrick Griffiths An Introduction to English Sociolinguistics Graeme Trousdale An Introduction to Late Modern English Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade An Introduction to Regional Englishes: Dialect Variation in England Joan Beal An Introduction to English Phonetics Richard Ogden An Introduction to English Phonetics Richard Ogden Edinburgh University Press © Richard Ogden, 2009 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in Janson by Norman Tilley Graphics Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 2540 6 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 2541 3 (paperback) The right of Richard Ogden to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents List of figures and tables viii To readers xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction to phonetics 1 1.1 What is phonetics? 1 1.2 What this book covers 3 1.3 Ways to talk about sounds 3 1.4 An overview of the book 5 Further reading 6 2 Overview of the human speech mechanism 7 2.1 The complexity of speech sounds 7 2.2 Breathing 7 2.3 The larynx and voicing 9 2.4 Airflow 10 2.5 Place of articulation 12 2.6 Manner of articulation 16 Summary 18 Exercises 18 Further reading 19 3 Representing the sounds of speech 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 Phonetic transcription 20 3.3 Acoustic representations 29 3.4 Acoustic representations and segments 35 3.5 Representation and units in phonetics 36 Summary 37 Exercises 37 Further reading 38 vi AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH PHONETICS 4 The larynx, voicing and voice quality 40 4.1 Introduction: the production of voicing 40 4.2 How the vocal folds vibrate 42 4.3 Fundamental frequency, pitch and intonation 43 4.4 Phrasing and intonation 46 4.5 Voice quality 50 Summary 53 Exercises 54 Further reading 54 5 Vowels 56 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Reference points for vowels: cardinal vowels 56 5.3 The acoustics of vowels 62 5.4 Other vocalic features 63 5.5 Vowels in English ‘keywords’ 64 5.6 Reduced vowels 74 5.7 Voiceless vowels 75 Summary 75 Exercises 76 Further reading 76 6 Approximants 78 6.1 Introduction 78 6.2 The palatal approximant [j] 79 6.3 A doubly articulated sound: the labiovelar approximant [w] 81 6.4 Laterals 83 6.5 ‘Rhotics’ 89 Summary 94 Exercises 94 Further reading 94 7 Plosives 96 7.1 Introduction 96 7.2 Overview of the production of plosives 96 7.3 Voicing and plosives in English 99 7.4 Glottalisation 104 7.5 Long closure 106 7.6 Place of articulation 106 7.7 Release features of plosives 109 7.8 Taps 114 CONTENTS vii Summary 116 Exercises 116 Further reading 117 8 Fricatives ...