Bài giảng Anh văn chuyên ngành quản lý đất đai và bất động sản

Bài giảng Anh văn chuyên ngành quản lý đất đai và bất động sản gồm 5 bài, unit 1: Land evaluation, unit 2: Land - use planning, unit 3: Geographical information system, unit 4: Real estate, unit 5: Land law 2003. Trình bày một số ví dụ về luật đất đai, định nghĩa và ứng dụng của GIS.
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Bài giảng Anh văn chuyên ngành quản lý đất đai và bất động sảnTRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NOÂNG LAÂM THAØNH PHOÁ HOÀ CHÍ MINH BAØI GIAÛNGANH VAÊN CHUYEÂN NGAØNH QUAÛN LYÙ ÑAÁT ÑAI VAØ BAÁT ÑOÄNG SAÛN Bieân soaïn ThS. Voõ Vaên Vieät ( LÖU HAØNH NOÄI BOÄ) Thaùng 01 naêm 2008 1 UNIT 1: LAND EVALUATIONI. READING COMPREHENSION When populations were far smaller than today most societies were able to live inbalance with their natural environment. As numbers expanded, man had a greater impacton the land through clearance for farming and in order to obtain fuel and constructionmaterial. In most places, this was a gradual process, and social groups were able to developoften complex systems for exploiting natural resources on a sustainable basis. More recently, human populations have increased very rapidly, especially in developing countries, and demand for food and fuel has grown alarmingly. At the same time, changing economic and social conditions have undermined or destroyed traditional systems of land resource management. Thus, not only is the land being cropped and grazed more intensively, with rest or fallow periods being drastically reduced or eliminated, but effective systems for maintaining fertility are no longer being applied. The result has been massive soil degradation on a world scale, through loss of plant nutrients and organic matter, erosion, build up of salinity, and damage to soil structure. Increasing demand for food, plus the fact that parts of the land most suited to crop production have been damaged or destroyed, has led to the expansion of cultivation and grazing into areas less suited to such uses, and ecologically more fragile. This has upset or destroyed natural ecosystems and modified or eliminated natural populations of flora and fauna. Much of the damage is irreversible, as when fertile topsoil has been stripped off toexpose infertile subsoil or bare rock, or where plant or animal species have been wipedout. In other cases, the damage can be economically irreversible, such as when millions ofhectares become infertile due to the build-up of salinity. There is an urgent need for a newapproach. Traditional systems must be preserved and strengthened wherever possible, butit is clear that they alone are far from sufficient in view of the magnitude of the problemand the rate of destruction of the worlds land resources. How people or nations use their land depends on complex, interrelated factorswhich include the characteristics of the land itself, economic factors, social, legal, andpolitical constraints, and the needs and objectives of the land user. In order to makerational decisions it is necessary to collect the right information about the physical, social,and economic aspects of the land area in question; and assess the lands relative suitabilityfor different uses in the light of the needs and objectives of the land user and thecommunity. This process is known technically as land suitability evaluation, or simply as 2land evaluation, and the basic methodology was set out in the 1976 FAO (Food andAgriculture Organization) publication - Framework For Land evaluation (Soil Bulletin32). Land evaluation is part of the process of land-use planning. Successful landevaluation is necessarily a multi-disciplinary process and therefore the use of astandardized framework is essential to ensure logical, and, as far as possible, quantitativeanalysis of the suitability of the land for a wide range of possible land uses How land is evaluated The essence of land evaluation is then to compare or match the requirements ofeach potential land use with the characteristics of each kind of land. The result is a measureof the suitability of each kind of land use for each kind of land. These suitability assess-ments are then examined in the light of economic, social and environmental considerationsin order to develop an actual plan for the use of land in the area. When this has been done,development can begin. Land evaluation, strictly speaking, is only that part of the procedure that liesbetween stages two and six on the diagram below. Stage seven is a transitional stepbetween land evaluation and land-use planning. The powerful interactions that occurbetween all the stages mean that the planning process must be approached as a whole. Therequirements of the different kinds of use that are to be evaluated, for example, largelydetermine the range of basic data that must be collected before evaluation can begin. Later,the identification of suitable forms of land use provides the building blocks for land-useplanning Ideas on how the land should b ...