Bài giảng Computer architecture: Part I

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Bài giảng Computer architecture: Part I Part I Background and Motivation Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 1 About This Presentation This presentation is intended to support the use of the textbook Computer Architecture: From Microprocessors to Supercomputers, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-515455-X. It is updated regularly by the author as part of his teaching of the upper- division course ECE 154, Introduction to Computer Architecture, at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Instructors can use these slides freely in classroom teaching and for other educational purposes. Any other use is strictly prohibited. © Behrooz Parhami Edition Released Revised Revised Revised Revised First June 2003 July 2004 June 2005 Mar. 2006 Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 2 I Background and Motivation Provide motivation, paint the big picture, introduce tools: • Review components used in building digital circuits • Present an overview of computer technology • Understand the meaning of computer performance (or why a 2 GHz processor isn’t 2 as fast as a 1 GHz model) Topics in This Part Chapter 1 Combinational Digital Circuits Chapter 2 Digital Circuits with Memory Chapter 3 Computer System Technology Chapter 4 Computer Performance Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 3 1 Combinational Digital Circuits First of two chapters containing a review of digital design: • Combinational, or memoryless, circuits in Chapter 1 • Sequential circuits, with memory, in Chapter 2 Topics in This Chapter 1.1 Signals, Logic Operators, and Gates 1.2 Boolean Functions and Expressions 1.3 Designing Gate Networks 1.4 Useful Combinational Parts 1.5 Programmable Combinational Parts 1.6 Timing and Circuit Considerations Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 4 1.1 Signals, Logic Operators, and Gates Name NOT AND OR XOR Graphical symbol Operator x xy x y x y sign and _ alternate(s) x or x x y x y x y Output Both inputs At least one Inputs are Input is 0 is 1 iff: are 1s input is 1 not equal Arithmetic 1 x x y or xy x y xy x y 2xy expression Figure 1.1 Some basic elements of digital logic circuits, with operator signs used in this book highlighted. Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 5 Variations in Gate Symbols AND OR NAND NOR XNOR Figure 1.2 Gates with more than two inputs and/or with inverted signals at input or output. Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 6 Gates as Control Elements Enable/Pass signal Enable/Pass signal e e Data out Data in Data in Data out x or 0 x x x or “high impedance” (a) AND gate for controlled trans fer (b) Tristate buffer e e 0 0 0 No data 1 1 x ex x or x (c) Model for AND switch. (d) Model for tristate buffer. Figure 1.3 An AND gate and a tristate buffer act as controlled switches or valves. An inverting buffer is logically the same as a NOT gate. Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 7 Wired OR and Bus Connections ex ex x x ey ey Data out y (x, y, z, y Data out or high (x, y, z, or 0) impedance) ez ez z z (a) Wired OR of product terms (b) Wired OR of t ristate outputs Figure 1.4 Wired OR allows tying together of several controlled signals. Mar. 2006 Computer Architecture, Background and Motivation Slide 8 Control/Data Signals and Signal Bundles ...