Basic Concepts part 3

[ Team LiB ] 3.3 System Tasks and Compiler Directives In this section, we introduce two special concepts used in Verilog: system tasks and compiler directives. 3.3.1 System Tasks Verilog provides standard system tasks for certain routine operations.
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Basic Concepts part 3[ Team LiB ]3.3 System Tasks and Compiler DirectivesIn this section, we introduce two special concepts used in Verilog: system tasks andcompiler directives.3.3.1 System TasksVerilog provides standard system tasks for certain routine operations. All system tasksappear in the form $. Operations such as displaying on the screen, monitoringvalues of nets, stopping, and finishing are done by system tasks. We will discuss only themost useful system tasks. Other tasks are listed in Verilog manuals provided by yoursimulator vendor or in the IEEE Standard Verilog Hardware Description Languagespecification.Displaying information$display is the main system task for displaying values of variables or strings orexpressions. This is one of the most useful tasks in Verilog.Usage: $display(p1, p2, p3,....., pn);p1, p2, p3,..., pn can be quoted strings or variables or expressions. The format of $displayis very similar to printf in C. A $display inserts a newline at the end of the string bydefault. A $display without any arguments produces a newline.Strings can be formatted using the specifications listed in Table 3-4. For more detailedspecifications, see IEEE Standard Verilog Hardware Description Language specification. Table 3-4. String Format Specifications Format Display%d or %D Display variable in decimal%b or %B Display variable in binary%s or %S Display string%h or %H Display variable in hex%c or %C Display ASCII character%m or %M Display hierarchical name (no argument required)%v or %V Display strength%o or %O Display variable in octal%t or %T Display in current time format%e or %E Display real number in scientific format (e.g., 3e10)%f or %F Display real number in decimal format (e.g., 2.13)%g or %G Display real number in scientific or decimal, whichever is shorterExample 3-3 shows some examples of the $display task. If variables contain x or zvalues, they are printed in the displayed string as x or z.Example 3-3 $display Task//Display the string in quotes$display(Hello Verilog World);-- Hello Verilog World//Display value of current simulation time 230$display($time);-- 230//Display value of 41-bit virtual address 1fe0000001c at time 200reg [0:40] virtual_addr;$display(At time %d virtual address is %h, $time, virtual_addr);-- At time 200 virtual address is 1fe0000001c//Display value of port_id 5 in binaryreg [4:0] port_id;$display(ID of the port is %b, port_id);-- ID of the port is 00101//Display x characters//Display value of 4-bit bus 10xx (signal contention) in binaryreg [3:0] bus;$display(Bus value is %b, bus);-- Bus value is 10xx//Display the hierarchical name of instance p1 instantiated under//the highest-level module called top. No argument is required. This//is a useful feature)$display(This string is displayed from %m level of hierarchy);-- This string is displayed from top.p1 level of hierarchySpecial characters are discussed in Section 3.2.9, Strings. Examples of displaying specialcharacters in strings as discussed are shown in Example 3-4.Example 3-4 Special Characters//Display special characters, newline and %$display(This is a multiline string with a %% sign);-- This is a-- multiline string with a % sign//Display other special charactersMonitoring informationVerilog provides a mechanism to monitor a signal when its value changes. This facility isprovided by the $monitor task.Usage: $monitor(p1,p2,p3,....,pn);The parameters p1, p2, ... , pn can be variables, signal names, or quoted strings. A formatsimilar to the $display task is used in the $monitor task. $monitor continuously monitorsthe values of the variables or signals specified in the parameter list and displays allparameters in the list whenever the value of any one variable or signal changes. Unlike$display, $monitor needs to be invoked only once.Only one monitoring list can be active at a time. If there is more than one $monitorstatement in your simulation, the last $monitor statement will be the active statement.The earlier $monitor statements will be overridden.Two tasks are used to switch monitoring on and off.Usage: $monitoron;$monitoroff;The $monitoron tasks enables monitoring, and the $monitoroff task disables monitoringduring a simulation. Monitoring is turned on by default at the beginning of the simulationand can be controlled during the simulation with the $monitoron and $monitoroff tasks.Examples of monitoring statements are given in Example 3-5. Note the use of $time inthe $monitor statement.Example 3-5 Monitor Statement//Monitor time and value of the signals clock and reset//Clock toggles every 5 time units and reset goes down at 10 time unitsinitialbegin $monitor($time, Value of signals clock ...