Consumer and competition policy directorate

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Consumer and competition policy directorate Consumer and Competition Policy DirectorateResearch intothe mouthingbehaviour ofchildren upto 5 years old.July 2002Research commissioned by the Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate, DTI. Department of Trade and Industry 1 Victoria Street London SW1H 0ETCarried out under contract by: Dr Beverley Norris Stuart Smith Institute for Occupational Ergonomics School of Mechanical, Materials, Manufacturing Engineering and Management University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD Tel: 0115 9514039 Fax: 0115 9514000URN 02/748 Page NoContentsSUMMARY 1CHAPTER 1. Design of the research 2 1.1 Aims of this research 2 1.2 Data Collection 2 1.3 Experimental design 3CHAPTER 2. Methodology 5 2.1 Development of materials 5 2.1.1 Pre-pilot trials 5 2.1.2 Pilot trials 5 2.2 Observation protocols 6 2.2.1 Timing of mouthing behaviours 6 2.2.2 Classifying what was mouthed 6 2.2.3 Classifying the type of mouthing behaviour 6CHAPTER 3. Participant Details 7 3.1 Childrens mouthing characteristics and child care details 7CHAPTER 4. Results 10 4.1 Estimated daily mouthing time by item mouthed 10 4.2 Estimates of daily mouthing times according to what was mouthed and how 13 4.2.1 All items 14 4.2.2 Dummy/soother 14 4.2.3 Fingers 16 4.2.4 Toys 18 4.2.5 Other objects 20 4.2.6 Items not recorded 22 4.3 What was mouthed 23 4.3.1 Categories of toys and other objects mouthed 23 4.3.2 Mouthed toys and other objects by material 25 4.3.3 Items intended to be mouthed 26 4.3.4 Number of items mouthed 29CHAPTER 5. Validation 30 5.1 Analysis of mouthing time 30 5.2 Analysis of what was mouthed 31 5.3 Analysis of how the children mouthed 32CHAPTER 6. Discussion 33 6.1 Validity and reliability of the study 33 6.2 Mouthing times 33 6.2.1 Mean and maximum mouthing times 33 6.2.2 What is mouthed 34 6.2.3 How items are mouthed 34CHAPTER 7. Implications 36 7.1 Why children mouth 36 7.2 Overview of legislation and standards 36 7.3 Accident statistics on mechanical hazards 37 7.4 Mouthing times 38 7.5 Items mouthed 38 7.6 Hazards from items mouthed in this study 39 7.7 Reducing accident levels 43 7.7.1 Toys 43 7.7.2 Other objects 44 7.8 Using product features to deter mouthing 44CHAPTER 8. Conclusions 45CHAPTER 9. Recommendations 47 9.1 Toys 47 9.2 Other objects 47CHAPTER 10. References 49Appendix A: Observation recording form 50Appendix B: Toy and objects details sheet 51Appendix C: Child’s daily routine form 52Appendix D: Questionnaire 53Appendix E: Pictures illustrating mouthing behaviours 56Appendix F: Examples of Toy Categories 57Appendix G: Examples of other objects categories 69SummaryThis report supplements Report on research into the mouthing behaviour of children up to 5years old – Executive Summary (DTI, 2002).This report presents background information to the study and further data and discussion fromthe study, specifically:i) Information regarding the methodology and protocols of the studyii) Background data on the sample: Details of children’s mouthing habits, the child’s family, theobservers and their care and wo ...