critical thinking skills success_1

Hàng loạt nhà xây dựng kỹ năng phục vụ người đọc có nhu cầu để làm chủ các kỹ năng cụ thể cho mục đích vượt qua một thử nghiệm quan trọng, chẳng hạn như một lối ra kỳ thi, kiểm tra tuyển sinh, kỳ thi nghề, kỳ thi chứng chỉ. Trong 20 bài học theo các bước, độc giả tìm hiểu các nguyên tắc cơ bản của tư duy phê phán và áp dụng các kỹ năng giải quyết vấn đề thiết yếu cần thiết cho sự thành công. Bài học nhắm mục tiêu đòi hỏi phải có cam...
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critical thinking skills success_1 C RITICAL THINKING SKILLS SUCCESS IN 20 MINUTES A DAY CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS SUCCESS IN 20 MINUTES A DAY ® Lauren Starkey NEW YORK Copyright © 2004 LearningExpress, LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Starkey, Lauren B., 1962– Critical thinking skills success / Lauren Starkey.—1st ed. p. cm. ISBN 1-57685-508-2 1. Critical thinking—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. LB1590.3.S73 2004 160—dc22 2003017066 Printed in the United States of America 987654321 First Edition ISBN 1-57685-508-2 For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at: 55 Broadway 8th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learnatest.com Contents INTRODUCTION How to Use this Book vii PRETEST 1 LESSON 1 Recognizing a Proglem 11 LESSON 2 Defining a Problem 17 LESSON 3 Focused Observation 23 LESSON 4 Brainstorming with Graphic Organizers 29 LESSON 5 Setting Goals 43 LESSON 6 Troubleshooting 51 LESSON 7 Finding Resources 57 LESSON 8 Evaluating Facts 63 LESSON 9 Persuasion Techniques 71 LESSON 10 Misusing Information—The Numbers Game 79 LESSON 11 Checking Your Emotions 87 LESSON 12 Deductive Reasoning 93 LESSON 13 Misusing Deductive Reasoning—Logical Fallacies 99 LESSON 14 Inductive Reasoning 105 LESSON 15 Misusing Inductive Reasoning—Logical Fallacies 111 LESSON 16 Distracting Techniques 117 LESSON 17 Judgment Calls 123 LESSON 18 Explanation or Argument? 131 LESSON 19 Critical Thinking for Exams 137 LESSON 20 Putting It All Together 151 POST-TEST 159 v How to Use this Book C T H I N K I N G S K I L L S S U C C E S S is about changing the way you think about the way RITICAL you think. Sound complicated? It’s not, especially when you learn how, lesson by 20-minute lesson. A critical thinker approaches problems and complicated situations aware of his or her thoughts, beliefs, and viewpoints. Then, he or she can direct those thoughts, beliefs, and viewpoints to be more rational and accurate. A critical thinker is willing to explore, question, and search out answers and solutions. These skills not only mean greater success at school and at work, but they are the basis of better decisions and problem solving at home, too. Critical thinking has been specifically identified by colleges and universities, as well as by many employ- ers, as a measure of how well an individual will perform at school and on the job. In fact, if you are apply- ing to college or graduate school, or for a job, chances are your critical thinking skills will be tested. Standardized exams, such as the SAT and ACT, have sections on critical thinking. Employers such as fed- eral and state governments, and many Fortune 500 companies, routinely test job applicants with exams such as the California Critical Thinking Test or the Cornell Critical Thinking Test. vii – HOW TO USE THIS BOOK – with your goals. Effective troubleshooting removes set- Generally, critical thinking involves both problem backs and keeps you on task. solving and reasoning. In fact, these terms are often Lessons 7 and 8 explain how to find the infor- used interchangeably. But specifically, what are critical mation you need to make sound decisio ...