Discovering language The Structure of Modern English

(BQ) The document Discovering language The Structure of Modern English is organized under thematic headings, which are thoroughly cross-referenced, enabling students and teachers to use the book as required-either as a course text or to help with individual aspects of language. Each section includes an introduction, worked examples, in context sections relating the topic to real text examples, suggestions for further reading and analysis and a summary.
Nội dung trích xuất từ tài liệu:
Discovering language The Structure of Modern English Discovering Language The Structure of Modern English Lesley Jeffries Discovering Language PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Series Editor: Lesley Jeffries Siobhan Chapman Thinking About Language: Theories of English Urszula Clark Studying Language: English in Action Lesley Jeffries Discovering Language: The Structure of Modern English Perspectives on the English Language Series Series Standing Order ISBN 0-333-96146-3 hardback ISBN 0-333-96147-1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand- ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Discovering Language The Structure of Modern English Lesley Jeffries © Lesley Jeffries 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–1261–9 hardback ISBN-10: 1–4039–1261–0 hardback ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–1262–6 paperback ISBN-10: 1–4039–1262–9 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jeffries, Lesley 1956–. Discovering language : the structure of modern English / Lesley Jeffries. p. cm. – (Perspectives on the English language) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-1261-0 – ISBN 1-4039-1262-9 (pbk.) 1. English language–Grammar. 2. English language–Phonology. 3. English language–Syntax. I. Title. II. Series. PE1106.J44 2006 425–dc22 2006044297 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 Printed and bound in China For Dave This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures xii List of Tables xiii Series Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii Introduction 1 1 Phonetics 8 1.1 Introduction: human speech sounds 8 1.2 Vocal apparatus 10 1.2.1 Lungs to larynx 11 1.2.2 The oral and nasal cavities 12 1.3 Segments of sound 15 1.3.1 Consonants versus vowels 16 1.4 Consonants 17 1.4.1 Place of articulation 18 1.4.2 Manner of articulation 21 1.4.3 Voicing 23 1.4.4 English consonants 25 1.5 Vowels 29 1.5.1 The vowel chart 29 1.5.2 Front vowels 32 1.5.3 Back vowels 33 1.5.4 Central vowels 34 1.5.5 Diphthongs 35 1.5.6 Summary of English vowel sounds 36 vii viii CONTENTS 1.6 Larger units 37 1.6.1 Syllables in English 38 1.6.2 Consonant clusters 40 1.6.3 Word stress 41 1.7 Further reading 43 2 Phonology 44 2.1 Introduction: English speech sounds 44 2.2 Phonemes 46 2.2.1 Minimal pairs 47 2.2.2 Allophones 49 2.2.3 Free variation 50 2.3 Connected speech 52 2.3.1 Assimilation 53 2.3.2 Elision 57 2.3.3 Insertion 59 2.4 Intonation and stress 60 2.4.1 Utterance stress 61 2.4.2 Tones 64 2.4.3 Tone groups ...