Ebook Anthelmintics clinical pharmacology, uses in veterinary medicine and efficacy: Part 2

Part 2 book "nthelmintics clinical pharmacology, uses in veterinary medicine and efficacy" includes content: Plants from cerrado for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, application of praziquantel in experimental therapy of larval cestodoses and benefits of combined therapy and drug carriers; efficacy of neem and pawpaw products against oesophagostomum spp infection in pigs.
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Ebook Anthelmintics clinical pharmacology, uses in veterinary medicine and efficacy: Part 2 In: Anthelmintics ISBN: 978-1-63117-714-9 Editor: William Quick © 2014 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter 4 Plants from Cerrado for the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Ruminants Franciellen Morais-Costa1, Viviane de Oliveira Vasconcelos2, Eduardo Robson Duarte3 and Walter dos Santos Lima1 1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Brasil 2 Departamento de Fisiopatologia. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Minas Gerais. Brasil 3 Mestrado em Produção Animal. Instituto de Ciências Agrárias/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Brasil Abstract The gastrointestinal helminthes are major limiting factors for the sheep and goat production in the world and the health of livestock depends of effective control of nematodes. The constant administration and inadequate doses of chemical anthelmintics favors the selection of resistant populations and residues these products contribute to the contamination of animal products and of the ambient. The use of herbal treatment in veterinary medicine is a promising field of research. Studies 90 F. Morais-Costa, V. de Oliveira Vasconcelos, E. R. Duarte et al. in this area require the insertion into an agroecological context, with the limiting factor to the sustainable management of natural resources involved. The phytotherapy for the parasite control is an alternative that can reduce the cost with the purchase of anthelmintics as well, preventing the emergence of anthelmintic resistance and residues in animal products. Plant species that have tannins in its constitution are known to possess anthelmintic activity, requiring, however, that their efficacies are scientifically proven. The Cerrado is an import biome with high diversity of plants rich in tannins and other metabolic with potential anthelmintic effect. This study presents a review of research on plant species, tested in the Cerrado for the control of helminths in ruminants. Keywords: Anthelmintic, nematodes, medicinal plants, Cerrado, ruminants Introduction The main problem in the small ruminants and limiting of economic exploitation is the gastrointestinal parasites. Haemonchus contortus is a nematode of abomasum and feeds of blood throughout, with high prevalence and high pathogenicity (Strong, 1993). Sheep with haemoncoses may show anemia and submandibular edema, with high mortality in young lambs and females in peripartum. Both sexes at all age levels may be intensely affected, reducing weight gain and reproductive capacity, as well as milk, wool, and hide production (Bizimenyera et al., 2006). The treatment with anthelmintics has been intensely used to control by breeders. The constant administration and the inadequate dosages can favor the selection of the parasite populations resistant to the anthelmintics and contributes to the contamination of animal products with residues of these products (Amarante et al., 1992). The main anthelmintics were developed during the 60's and are actually essential to control of nematodes. There are currently only three groups of broad spectrum anthelmintics and two groups of small spectrum used to control these parasites (Amarante et al., 1992). Early studies reported resistant helminthes to the group of benzimidazole and levamisoles. With the discovery of a chemical group distinct anthelmintic, avermectins, was represented an alternative treatment with a potent drug for the nematode control in domestic animals (Gopal et al., 1999). Multi-resistant nematodes have been found on several ruminant herds (Molento and Prichard 2001; Taylor et al., 2009; Wolstenholme et al., 2004; Thomaz-Soccol et al., 2004). The possibility of Plants from Cerrado for the Control of Gastrointestinal … 91 anthelminthic residues in the environment and in animals reared for consumption (Hammond et al., 1997), as well as the spread of multi-resistant strains demands research into alternatives for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) control. The utilization of plants containing secondary compounds such as condensed tannins may expand the organic alternatives to controlling GINs (Athanasiadou et al., 2007; Kahn and Diaz-Hernandez 2000). Phytotherapy in the control of parasitism is an alternative that can reduce the cost with the purchase of anthelmintics, and prevent the emergence of anthelmintic resistance and the presence of residues in animal products. Many plants are traditionally known as having anthelmintic activity, requiring, however, that their efficacy be scientifically proven (Vieira, 2003). Scientific validation of the anthelminthic effects and possible side-effects of plant products is necessary prior to their adoption as novel methods for control (Githiori et al., 2006). The Cerrado biome, which covers 5% of the world flora, is the second largest source of biodiversity in Brazil (Sano, 2008). However, much of the native vegetation has been destroyed and many species are threatened of extinction, which would enable a wide use and maintenance of food, medicinal, ornamental, linseed and tannin production. However, few studies have evaluated the anthelmintic effect of the plant species of the Cerrado for the control of GNI. Therefore, the analysis of potential plant species of this biome for helminthes control for ruminants may represent a promising strategy for the biotechn ...