Ebook Exploring animal behavior in laboratory and field (2/E): Part 2

Part 2 book "Exploring animal behavior in laboratory and field" includes content: A nonverbal test battery for evaluating physical and social cognition, learning from the primary literature of animal behavior; the fine print - process and permissions for behavioral research; writing science for the general public; effective scientific writing; writing and reviewing grant proposals.

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Ebook Exploring animal behavior in laboratory and field (2/E): Part 2 CHAPTER The circle game: intergenerational transmission and modification of solutions 13 to a universal need Andrew Goldklank Fulmer Department of Psychology, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, United States Chapter outline Part I. Student instructions ......................................................................................242 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts ......................................................242 Background .......................................................................................................242 Purpose .............................................................................................................243 Methods ............................................................................................................243 Results/discussion .............................................................................................244 Discussion questions..........................................................................................244 Acknowledgement ..............................................................................................245 References ........................................................................................................245 Part II. Instructor notes ...........................................................................................246 Classroom management/blocks of analysis ..........................................................246 Teaching the activity ..........................................................................................246 Samples of results .............................................................................................247 Discussion questions..........................................................................................248 Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821410-7.00006-6 241 Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 242 CHAPTER 13 The circle game: intergenerational transmission Part I. Student instructions Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts • Understand that modification in life strategies requires interaction among generations. • Describe the evolutionary pressures which cause populations to evolve stability and/or flexibility in reproductive tactics. • Summarize how intergenerational transmission of information often relies heavily on individual variation in behavioral type/personality/ontogenetic experience. Background Dichotomizing “nature” and “nurture” (typically referring to genes and the environ- ment, but rarely taking into account the feedback cycle of genes, modification of gene expression, and environmental experience) is one of the most pernicious over- simplifications in biology education. While the colloquial view is that these influ- encing factors in development are in some way discrete, they have long been established as interdependent (e.g., Sasaki & Kim, 2017). Experience can influence gene expression, for example, via epigenetic modifica- tion, which may be seen as a “dimmer switch” control on genes, where environmental influences increase or decrease the way in which a genotype is expressed in a pheno- type relative to its existing capacity (Goldberg et al., 2007). Experiences begin long before an organism leaves the womb or egg, particularly illustrated by the presence of the egg inside a grandmother (in humans, oocytes can develop and be influenced by chemical factors within the first 25 weeks of embryonic development) (Jamnongjit & Hammes, 2005). After birth, experiential elements such as exercise, nutrition, and trauma may regulate the traits passed on to the offspring (Jawaid et al., 2018). Life history traits refer to a spectrum of reproductive styles among and within species. Put simply, there are two ends of this spectrum: the K selected species and the r selected species. It bears emphasis that in many species, some individuals will follow a more K selected strategy and some individuals of that same species will follow a more r selected strategy. K selection refers to the reproductive tactic of pro- ducing relatively few young animals, given the lifespan of a particular animal, and providing a relatively long period of care for them. r selection refers to the reproduc- tive tactic of producing a relatively large number of young animals, given the life- span of a particular animal, and providing a relatively short period of care for them. Methods 243 These life history styles are highly context dependent, typically related to mor- tality risk and resource availability, with individuals exhibiting the K strategy exist- ing in resource-rich environments and having low mortality and r strategists existing in resource-poor environments and having relatively high mortality. When resources are abundant, all eggs can be put in one basket, whereas when they are not, it is optimal to invest relatively little in each offspring but have as many as possible to maximize the potential for some to survive (e.g., Mace, 2000; Dillon & Conway, 2018). This cycle, in turn, can produce both short-term ontogene ...