Effect of alkaline-treated spent coffee grounds and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties of bio-composite based on polypropylene matrix

In this study, the effect of alkaline-treated spent coffee grounds and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties of bio-composite based on polypropylene (PP) matrix was investigated. After alkaline treatment, the surface of spent coffee grounds became rougher; hence the PP matrix could better adsorb and encapsulate the treated coffee grounds compared with that of untreated ones. T
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Effect of alkaline-treated spent coffee grounds and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties of bio-composite based on polypropylene matrixCite this paper: Vietnam J. Chem., 2023, 61(S3), 148-153 Research ArticleDOI: 10.1002/vjch.202300064Effect of alkaline-treated spent coffee grounds and compatibilizer on themechanical properties of bio-composite based on polypropylene matrix Nguyen Ngoc Thanh1,*, Vu Minh Tan1, Dang Huu Trung1, Pham Thi Mai Huong1, Le Thi Hong Nhung1, Nguyen Manh Ha1, Ngo Thuy Van1, Nguyen Thanh Tung2, Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy3 1 Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam 2 Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Viet Nam 3 Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam Submitted February 18, 2023; Revised June 28, 2023; Accepted August 6, 2023Abstract In this study, the effect of alkaline-treated spent coffee grounds and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties ofbio-composite based on polypropylene (PP) matrix was investigated. After alkaline treatment, the surface of spent coffeegrounds became rougher; hence the PP matrix could better adsorb and encapsulate the treated coffee grounds comparedwith that of untreated ones. The TGA analysis shows that the alkaline treated spent coffee grounds had better thermalproperties than the untreated ones. When increasing the weight percentage of spent coffee grounds from 10 to 20, thetensile strength and flexural strength of PP-based composite decreased. These mechanical properties of PP-basedcomposite containing treated coffee grounds were enhanced compared with that containing untreated coffee grounds dueto the better dispersion of treated coffee grounds into the PP matrix. The presence of polypropylene-graft-maleicanhydride (PP-g-MA) compatibilizer at the content of 1, 3, and 5 wt% led to a significant increase the mechanicalproperties of PP-based bio-composites, reaching the highest tensile strength of 22.7 MPa and flexural strength of 17.3MPa. Therefore, the alkaline-treated spent coffee ground is a potential additive for producing bio-composite with theadvantages of being light and easy to naturally decompose. Keywords. Polypropylene, mechanical properties, spent coffee grounds, biocomposite.INTRODUCTION compatibilizer on the mechanical properties of a PP- based matrix reinforced by spent coffee grounds. InPlastic wastes are a serious threat to human and another study, P. Tapangnoi et al.[8] used spent coffeeanimal health because of their long decomposition grounds as a reinforcement material for naturalperiod. Around 9 wt% of plastic wastes are recycled, rubber. Spent coffee grounds were alkaline treated inmeanwhile, another large amount is accumulating in order to eliminate lignin and other polysaccharidelandfills or in the natural environment. To partially impurities before being introduced into rubber. At 5,solve the problems caused by plastic pollution, 10, 15, and 20 wt% of spent coffee grounds added tobiodegradable compounds have been added to the reinforce the rubber, the composites showedsynthetic polymer matrix to improve their increased stiffness but decreased elongation at break.decomposition rate.[1-5] It was reported that 4 wt% of short loofah fibers N. Prasad et al.[6] used banana fibers to reinforce combined with 10 wt% of ground loofah fiber gavelow-density polyethylene at weight percentages of the best mechanical properties of the prepared10, 15, 20, and 25 % to produce eco-friendly bio- composite.[9] M. A. Paglicawan et al.[10] used acomposites. The results showed that the best polyester resin reinforced with loofah fiber in thebiodegradable property of the bio-composite was form of sheets and used methyl ketone peroxide as aachieved at 15 by weight of banana fiber. Besides, curing agent to fabricate an eco-friendly compositethe treatment of the banana fiber surface and the material by a hand lay up method.addition of a compatibilizer into bio-composites In Vietnam, every year large amount of coffeeprovided better mechanical properties. N. J. Jaya grounds is discarded after industrial processing andChitra et al.[7] investigated the effects of a there is a need to find a way to exploit thi ...