Encyclopedia of Networking P1

As in the first edition, I’ve tried to make this Encyclopedia a comprehensive source of informationabout matters relating to networking. I’ve also tried to present the information in a clearand useful manner.
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Encyclopedia of Networking P1T HE N ETWORK P RESSENCYCLOPEDIAOF NETWORKING S ECOND E DITION W ERNER F EIBEL N OW I MPROVED — THE M OST C OMPREHENSIVE C OMPENDIUM OF N ETWORKING C ONCEPTS , I SSUES , AND T ERMS C OVERS N ET W ARE 4.1, W INDOWS 95, W INDOWS NT S ERVER 3.51, U NIX W ARE 2, AND OS/2 W ARP C ONNECT F ULL T EXT ON CD-ROM FOR Q UICK E LECTRONIC R EFERENCEThe Encyclopediaof NetworkingThe Encyclopediaof NetworkingSecond EditionThe First Edition of thisbook was published underthe title Novell’s® CompleteEncyclopedia of NetworkingWerner Feibel San Francisco s Paris s Düsseldorf s SoestAcquisitions Editor: Kristine PlachyDevelopmental Editor: Guy Hart-DavisEditors: Kristen Vanberg-Wolff and Maureen AdamsTechnical Editor: Mary MaddenBook Designer: Seventeenth Street StudiosTechnical Illustrators: Cuong Le, Heather Lewis, and Alan SmithDesktop Publisher: London Road DesignProduction Coordinator: Nathan JohansonIndexer: Matthew SpenceCover Designer: Archer DesignCover Photographer: Dewitt JonesSYBEX is a registered trademark of SYBEX Inc.Network Press and the Network Press logo are trademarks of SYBEX Inc.TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks fromdescriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer.Every effort has been made to supply complete and accurate information. However, SYBEX assumes noresponsibility for its use, nor for any infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties whichwould result from such use.The first edition of this book was published under the title Novell’s ® Complete Encyclopedia of Networking©1995 SYBEX Inc.Copyright ©1996 SYBEX Inc., 2021 Challenger Drive, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No partof this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including butnot limited to photocopy, photograph, magnetic or other record, without the prior agreement and writtenpermission of the publisher.Library of Congress Card Number: 95-72476ISBN: 0-7821-1829-1Manufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1w WarrantySYBEX warrants the enclosed CD-ROM to be free of physical defects for a period of ninety (90) days afterpurchase. If you discover a defect in the CD during this warranty period, you can obtain a replacement CD atno charge by sending the defective CD, postage prepaid, with proof of purchase to: SYBEX Inc. Customer Service Department 2021 Challenger Drive Alameda, CA 94501 (800) 227-2346 Fax: (510) 523-2373After the 90-day period, you can obtain a replacement CD by sending us the defective CD, proof of purchase,and a check or money order for $10, payable to SYBEX.w DisclaimerSYBEX makes no warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to this medium or itscontents, quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event will SYBEX,its distributors, or dealers be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arisingout of the use of or inability to use the software even if advised of the possibility of such damage.The exclusion of implied warranties is not permitted by some states. Therefore, the above exclusion may notapply to you. This warranty provides you with specific legal rights; there may be other rights that you mayhave that vary from state to state.w Copy ProtectionNone of the material on the CD is copy-protected. However, in all cases, reselling or making copies of theseprograms without authorization is expressly forbidden.[In] a certain Chinese encyclopedia…it is written that animals are divided into:(a) those belonging to the Emperor(b) those that are embalmed(c) tame ones(d) suckling pigs(e) sirens(f) fabulous ones(g) stray dogs(h) those included in the present classification(i) those that tremble as if mad(j) innumerable ones(k) those drawn with a very fine camelhair brush(l) others(m) those that have just broken the water pitcher(n) those that look like flies from a long way off Jorge Luis BorgesAcknowledgments As with the first edition, this book would never have been completed without the help of many people. These people deserve thanks for all their efforts and energy. Guy Hart-Davis convinced me that it was time for a revision and set me to work. Several people did splen- did work during the production process: Kris Vanberg-Wolff, a veteran of the first edition, worked on the revision until her planned departure for the calmer (and tastier) world of cooki ...