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Summary of doctoral thesis: Study on surgical injury characteristics and results of surgery for treatment of the lower thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures due to traumatic injury by splints and screws
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With two goals: Description of surgical injury characteristics and deformation on the image diagnosis, survey of TLICS and LSC values in lower thoracic and lumbar spinal injury. Evaluate the results of surgery for the treatment of lower thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures with posterior splints and screws.
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Summary of doctoral thesis: Study on surgical injury characteristics and results of surgery for treatment of the lower thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures due to traumatic injury by splints and screws 1 BACKGROUND A thoracic and lumbar spinal injuries account for the majority, about 90% of spinal injuries. In which, thoracolumbar spine hinge vertebra (T11 L2) and lower lumbar (L3 L5) account for about 84%, mainly with the indirect mechanism. Classification emphasizes on: the form of injury, integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex and nerve damage. The role of the posterior ligamentous system in the stable spinal structure is confirmed and appreciated by many authors. This is an issue that needs to be paid more attention to in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal injury in Vietnam when no previous research has specifically and fully mentioned before. For surgical indication,the authors based on the loss of steadiness of the injured spinal vertebra on the basis of the morphologic damage, nerve damage, and posterior ligamentous complex. However, each indication has its own advantages and disadvantages. Recent studies have been made on the validity and reliability of Vaccaro AR’s TLICS (thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score) and indicate cases where scores of 1 to 4 had to undergo surgery late after a conservative treatment period, or narrow scope of application in the multiple vertebral fracture group under the indication of McCormack and Wood KB. Posterior approaches for treatment of thoracic spinal injury is becoming more and more popular, effective and dominant. The efficiency of multiple vertebral fracture surgery has been enhanced, and demonstrated in studies by Smith JS, Ataka H., Kaminski A.. The findings of Greenberg MS about degenerative joint diseaserequired for early surgery after 3 years in long band fixations (≥ 4 bands) after 8 to 9 years in short band fixations (2 to 3 bands). Therefore, from these issues, we carry out the topic: “Study on surgical injury characteristics and results of surgery for treatment of the lower thoracic and 2 lumbar spinal fractures due to traumatic injury by splints and screws” with two goals: 1. Description of surgical injury characteristics and deformation on the image diagnosis, survey of TLICS and LSC values in lower thoracic and lumbar spinal injury. 2. Evaluate the results of surgery for the treatment of lower thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures with posterior splints and screws. CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW 1.1. Surgery The lower thoracic and lumbar spine consists of a relatively straight, vulnerable thoraco lumbar spine hinge vertebra (T11 L2) by a longitudinal compression and a lower lumbar vertebra (L3 – L5) with a physiological curve opening backward to absorb force in the spring type so that it causes less injury. Vertebral body has weak structure in from column, stable structure in middle and back columns. Thus, injury often occurs in the front column under the vertical compression mechanism. According to Benzel E.C., the proportion of periosteum and bone marrow affects the bearing capacity and the antiscrew loosening strength. This rate is higher in the spinal stalk than in vertebral body and higher in the thoracic lumbar spine hinge vertebra than in lower lumbar vertebra. Therefore, spinal stalkis the strongest part of the vertebrae and the T11 L2 segment is stronger than the L3 L5 segment. The joint system between vertebrae is composed of two main types of joints: Cartilaginous (semimoveable) joint and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint. Of which, the Synovial (freely moveable) joint and ligament joint (rear ligament system) play an important role in steadiness, flexibility and maintaining the amplitude for movement of the spinal column.The vascular system nourishing the thoracic and lumbar marrow, including the root vascular system, spinal marrow vascular system and coronary artery network. Accordingly, Adam kiewiczcung artery provides mainly for 4/5 marrow in cross section from T8 to conus medullaris. 3 1.2. Biological mechanisms behind injury and nerve damage in spinal injury 1.2.1. Biological mechanisms behind injury According to Benzel E.C., the force acting on the spinal column, in terms of the threedimensional space system on each coordinate axis, has two axial sliding motions and two reciprocating rotating movements that produce 12 movements around the instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR), forming up to six levels of free movement around the IAR axis in association with each other to creating forces: press – compression, cutting – shearing, twisting, stretching – tearing resulting in different forms of damages in a trauma. Instantaneous rotation axis is the imaginary point in or around the vertebrae where the spinal segment rotates under the impact force. When the impact force is noncoaxial with IAR, it generates a bending moment (M) of magnitude equal to the magnitude of the force (F) multiplying by the distance from the point of impact to the instantaneous rotation axis (D). The bending moment (M) is defined as the product of the force (F) applied to the lever arm and the length of the lever arm (D) : M = F x D. 1.2.2. Nerve damage In spinal trauma, there are four major traumatic mechanisms involved in nerve deformation in the long term: extrinsic nerve compression ...
Nội dung trích xuất từ tài liệu:
Summary of doctoral thesis: Study on surgical injury characteristics and results of surgery for treatment of the lower thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures due to traumatic injury by splints and screws 1 BACKGROUND A thoracic and lumbar spinal injuries account for the majority, about 90% of spinal injuries. In which, thoracolumbar spine hinge vertebra (T11 L2) and lower lumbar (L3 L5) account for about 84%, mainly with the indirect mechanism. Classification emphasizes on: the form of injury, integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex and nerve damage. The role of the posterior ligamentous system in the stable spinal structure is confirmed and appreciated by many authors. This is an issue that needs to be paid more attention to in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal injury in Vietnam when no previous research has specifically and fully mentioned before. For surgical indication,the authors based on the loss of steadiness of the injured spinal vertebra on the basis of the morphologic damage, nerve damage, and posterior ligamentous complex. However, each indication has its own advantages and disadvantages. Recent studies have been made on the validity and reliability of Vaccaro AR’s TLICS (thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score) and indicate cases where scores of 1 to 4 had to undergo surgery late after a conservative treatment period, or narrow scope of application in the multiple vertebral fracture group under the indication of McCormack and Wood KB. Posterior approaches for treatment of thoracic spinal injury is becoming more and more popular, effective and dominant. The efficiency of multiple vertebral fracture surgery has been enhanced, and demonstrated in studies by Smith JS, Ataka H., Kaminski A.. The findings of Greenberg MS about degenerative joint diseaserequired for early surgery after 3 years in long band fixations (≥ 4 bands) after 8 to 9 years in short band fixations (2 to 3 bands). Therefore, from these issues, we carry out the topic: “Study on surgical injury characteristics and results of surgery for treatment of the lower thoracic and 2 lumbar spinal fractures due to traumatic injury by splints and screws” with two goals: 1. Description of surgical injury characteristics and deformation on the image diagnosis, survey of TLICS and LSC values in lower thoracic and lumbar spinal injury. 2. Evaluate the results of surgery for the treatment of lower thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures with posterior splints and screws. CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW 1.1. Surgery The lower thoracic and lumbar spine consists of a relatively straight, vulnerable thoraco lumbar spine hinge vertebra (T11 L2) by a longitudinal compression and a lower lumbar vertebra (L3 – L5) with a physiological curve opening backward to absorb force in the spring type so that it causes less injury. Vertebral body has weak structure in from column, stable structure in middle and back columns. Thus, injury often occurs in the front column under the vertical compression mechanism. According to Benzel E.C., the proportion of periosteum and bone marrow affects the bearing capacity and the antiscrew loosening strength. This rate is higher in the spinal stalk than in vertebral body and higher in the thoracic lumbar spine hinge vertebra than in lower lumbar vertebra. Therefore, spinal stalkis the strongest part of the vertebrae and the T11 L2 segment is stronger than the L3 L5 segment. The joint system between vertebrae is composed of two main types of joints: Cartilaginous (semimoveable) joint and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint. Of which, the Synovial (freely moveable) joint and ligament joint (rear ligament system) play an important role in steadiness, flexibility and maintaining the amplitude for movement of the spinal column.The vascular system nourishing the thoracic and lumbar marrow, including the root vascular system, spinal marrow vascular system and coronary artery network. Accordingly, Adam kiewiczcung artery provides mainly for 4/5 marrow in cross section from T8 to conus medullaris. 3 1.2. Biological mechanisms behind injury and nerve damage in spinal injury 1.2.1. Biological mechanisms behind injury According to Benzel E.C., the force acting on the spinal column, in terms of the threedimensional space system on each coordinate axis, has two axial sliding motions and two reciprocating rotating movements that produce 12 movements around the instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR), forming up to six levels of free movement around the IAR axis in association with each other to creating forces: press – compression, cutting – shearing, twisting, stretching – tearing resulting in different forms of damages in a trauma. Instantaneous rotation axis is the imaginary point in or around the vertebrae where the spinal segment rotates under the impact force. When the impact force is noncoaxial with IAR, it generates a bending moment (M) of magnitude equal to the magnitude of the force (F) multiplying by the distance from the point of impact to the instantaneous rotation axis (D). The bending moment (M) is defined as the product of the force (F) applied to the lever arm and the length of the lever arm (D) : M = F x D. 1.2.2. Nerve damage In spinal trauma, there are four major traumatic mechanisms involved in nerve deformation in the long term: extrinsic nerve compression ...
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