Tài liệu ôn thi du học_2

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Tài liệu ôn thi du học_2 For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org 21Chapter 1: Basic Conceptsmean? A productive morpheme is one that can be attached regularly to any word ofthe appropriate class. For example, a morpheme expressing past tense can occur onall regular main verbs. And a morpheme expressing plural on nouns can be said tobe fully productive, too, because all count nouns can take plural endings in English(some of these endings are irregular, as in ox-en, but the fact remains that pluralmorphology as such is fully productive). Note that the ‘appropriate class’ here is theclass of count nouns; non-count nouns (such as rice and milk) regularly do not takeplural. In contrast to the inflectional verbal and nominal endings just mentioned, notall verbs take the adjectival suffix -ive, nor do all count nouns take, say, the adjectivalsuffix -al: exploit → exploitive(15) a. *walk-ive operate → operative *read-ive assault → assaultive *surprise-ive colony → colonial b. *computer-al department → departmental *desk-al phrase → phrasal *child-alThe nature of the restrictions that are responsible for the impossibility of theasterisked examples in (15) (and in derivational morphology in general) are notalways clear, but are often a complex mixture of phonological, morphological andsemantic mechanisms. The point is that, no matter what these restrictions inderivational morphology turn out to be, inflectional domains usually lack suchcomplex restrictions. As a conclusion to our discussion of derivation and inflection, I havesummarized the differences between inflection and derivation in (16): For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org 22Chapter 1: Basic Concepts derivation inflection(16) - encodes lexical meaning - encodes grammatical categories - is not syntactically relevant - is syntactically relevant - can occur inside derivation - occurs outside all derivation - often changes the part of speech - does not change part of speech - is often semantically opaque - is rarely semantically opaque - is often restricted in its productivity - is fully productive - is not restricted to suffixation - always suffixational (in English)Based on these considerations we can conclude this sub-section by schematicallyconceptualizing the realm of morphology, as described so far:(17) morphology inflection word-formation derivation compoundingThe formal means employed in derivational morphology and discussed so far can beclassified in the following way:(18) derivation affixation non-affixation prefixation suffixation infixation conversion truncation blending For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org 23Chapter 1: Basic Concepts4. SummaryIn this chapter we have looked at some fundamental properties of words and thenotion of ‘word’ itself. We have seen that words can be composed of smaller units,called morphemes, and that there are many different ways to create new words fromexisting ones by affixational, non-affixational and compounding processes.Furthermore, it became clear that there are remarkable differences between differenttypes of morphological processes, which has led us to the postulation of thedistinction between inflection and word-formation. We are now equipped with the most basic notions necessary for the study ofcomplex words, and can turn to the investigation of more (and more complicated)data in o ...