Tài liệu ôn thi du học_5

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Tài liệu ôn thi du học_5 For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgChapter 4: Affixation 99 b. suffixes féminìze féminine mércuràte mércury sèlectívity seléctive sìgnificátion sígnify èmployée emplóyIf we analyze the pronunciation of the base words before and after the affixation ofthe morpheme printed in bold, we can see a crucial difference between the prefixesand the suffixes. While the prefixes in (7a) do not change anything in thepronunciation or shape of the base words, the suffixes in (7b) have such an effect.They either lead to the deletion of material at the end of the base, or they lead to adifferent stress pattern (in the examples in (7) and elsewhere, primary stress isindicated by an acute accent, secondary stress by a grave accent). Thus, feminine losestwo sounds when -ize attaches, and mercury loses its final vowel, when -ate isattached. The suffixes -ity, -ation and -ee have an effect on the stress pattern of theirbase words, in that they either shift the main stress of the base to the syllableimmediately preceding the suffix (as with -ity), or attract the stress to themselves, asis the case with -ation and -ee. Prefixes obviously have no effect on the stress patternsof their base words. Of course not all suffixes inflict such phonological changes, as can be seenwith suffixes like -less or -ness. phonologically neutral suffixes: -less and -ness(8) propagánda propagándaless advénturous advénturousness radiátion radiátionless artículate artículateness mánager mánagerless openmínded openmíndednessApart from the deletion of base material at the end of the base (as in feminine -feminize), suffixes can also cause the reduction of syllables by other means. Considerthe difference in behavior between the suffixes -ic and -ance on the one hand, and -ish For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgChapter 4: Affixation 100and -ing on the other, as illustrated with the examples in (9). Dots mark syllableboundaries :(9) cy.lin.der cy.lin.dric cy.lin.de.rish hin.der hin.drance hin.de.ring en.ter en.trance en.te.ringThe attachment of the suffixes -ish and -ing leads (at least in careful speech) to theaddition of a syllable which consists of the base-final [r] and the suffix (.rish and .ring,respectively). The vowel of the last syllable of the base, [«], is preserved when thesetwo suffixes are added. The suffixes -ic and -ance behave differently. They trigger notonly the deletion of the last base vowel but also the formation of a consonant-clusterimmediately preceding the suffix, which has the effect that the derivatives have asmany syllables as the base (and not one syllable more, as with -ish and -ing). In order to see whether it is possible to make further generalizations as towhich kinds of suffix may trigger phonological alternations and which ones do not, Ihave listed a number of suffixes in the following table according to theirphonological properties. Try to find common properties of each set before you readon. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgChapter 4: Affixation 101Table 1: The phonological properties of some suffixessuffixes that examples suffixes that do not examplestrigger alternations trigger alternations-(at)ion alternation -ness religiousness-y candidacy -less televisionless-al environmental -ful eventful-ic parasitic -hood companionhood-ize hypothesize ...