Tài liệu ôn thi du học_6

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Tài liệu ôn thi du học_6 For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgChapter 4: Affixation 126in-This negative prefix is exclusively found with Latinate adjectives and the generalnegative meaning ‘not’: incomprehensible, inactive, intolerable, implausible, illegal,irregular. It assimilates to the first sound of the base in the manner described in theanswer key to exercise 5, chapter 2.mis-Modifying verbs and nouns (with similar bracketing problems as those mentionedabove for dis-), mis- conveys the meaning ‘inaccurate(ly), wrong(ly)’: misalign,mispronounce, misreport, misstate, misjoinder, misdemeanor, mistrial. The prefix is usuallyeither unstressed or secondarily stressed. Exceptions with primary stress on theprefix are either lexicalizations (e.g. míschief) or some nouns that are segmentallyhomophonous with verbs: míscount (noun) vs. miscóunt (verb), mísmatch vs. mismátch,mísprint vs. misprínt.non-When attached to adjectives this prefix has the general meaning of ‘not X’: non-biological, non-commercial, non-returnable. In contrast to un- and in-, negation with non-does not carry evaluative force, as can be seen from the pairs unscientific vs. non-scientific , irrational vs. non-rational. Furthermore, non- primarily forms contradictoryand complementary opposites (see chapter 2, section 3 for a discussion of thedifferent concepts of oppositeness) Nouns prefixed with non- can either mean ‘absence of X’ or ‘not having thecharacter of X’: non-delivery, non-member, non-profit, non-stop. The latter meaning hasbeen extended to ‘being X, but not having the proper characteristics of an X’: non-issue, non-answer.un-As already discussed in chapter 2, un- can attach to verbs and sometimes nouns(mostly of native stock) to yield a reversative or privative (‘remove X’) meaning:unbind, uncork, unleash, unsaddle, unwind, unwrap. The prefix is also used to negate For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgChapter 4: Affixation 127simple and derived adjectives: uncomplicated, unhappy, unsuccessful, unreadable.Adjectival un- derivatives usually express contraries, especially with simplex bases(see chapter 2, section 3 for a more detailed discussion). Nouns are also attested with un-, usually expressing ‘absence of X’ (e.g. unease,unbelief, uneducation, unrepair). Such nouns are often the result of analogy or back-formation (e.g. educated : uneducated :: education : uneducation). We also find ameaning extension similar to the one observed with anti- and non-, namely ‘nothaving the proper characteristics of X’: uncelebrate, unevent, un-Hollywood (all attestedin the BNC ). The prefix shows optional place assimilation: before labials, the variant [¿m]can occur, and before velar consonants [¿N] is a free variant. In all other cases we findonly [¿n].6. InfixationMorphologists usually agree that English has no infixes. However, there is thepossibility of inserting expletives in the middle of words to create new wordsexpressing the strongly negative attitude of the speaker (e.g. kanga-bloody-roo, abso-blooming-lutely). Thus we could say that English has a process of infixation of(certain) words, but there are no bound morphemes that qualify for infix status. Suchforms raise two questions. The first is what structural properties these infixedderivatives have, and the second is whether we should consider this type ofinfixation as part of the English word-formation component or not. We will deal witheach question in turn. From a phonological point of view these forms are completely regular.Hammond (1999: 161-164) shows that the expletive is always inserted in the sameprosodic position. Consider the following data and try to determine the pertinentgeneralization before reading on. The expletive is represented by ‘EXPL’, and primaryand secondary stresses are marked as usual by acute and grave accents, respectively: For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgChapter 4: Affixation 128(19) Possible and impossible infixations fròn-EXPL-tíer *tí-EXPL-ger sàr-EXPL-díne *se-EXPL-réne bì-EXPL-chlórìde *Cá-EXPL-nada bàn-EXPL-dánna *ba-EXPL-nána ámper-EXPL-sànd *ám-EXPL-persànd cárni-EXPL-vóre *cár-EXPL-nivòreThe data show that infixation is obviously sensitive to the stress pattern of the baseword ...