Tài liệu ôn thi du học_7

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Tài liệu ôn thi du học_7 For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgC hapter 5: Derivation without affixation 153 To summarize, we have seen that the formation of truncated names is highlysystematic and that it is subject to strong prosodic restrictions. This also holds for -y-diminutives to which we now turn. As usual, we start with some pertinent data: -y-diminutives(14) → → Albert Bertie Barbara Barbie → → alright alrightie beast beastie → → Andrew Andy bed beddie → → Angela Angie Bernard Bernie → → Anna Annie Chevrolet Chevvie → → Archibald Archie Chris Chrissie → → aunt auntie cigarette ciggie → → Australian Aussy comfortable comfyFirst of all, we find two orthographic variants -y and -ie in (14), which, however, arepronounced identically (occasionally even a third spelling can be encountered, -ee). Ifwe look at the base words we find adjectives (alright, comfortable) and,predominantly, proper and common nouns. What are the properties of thediminutives, apart from ending in -y? Again we can analyze two aspects, theprosodic structure itself and the diminutive’s relation to the base word. Apart from alrightie, all diminutives are disyllabic with stress on the firstsyllable. Furthermore, the second syllable never shows a complex onset, even if thebase has a complex onset in its second syllable (e.g. Andrew → Andy, but *Andry).Thus the following templatic restrictions hold: -y diminutives are trochaicdisyllables, with the second syllable consisting of a single consonant and the suffix.To satisfy the templatic restrictions, longer base words are severely truncated. Asevidenced in our small data set above, it is the first syllable that usually survivestruncation, irrespective of its being stressed or unstressed (cf. Australian - Aussie), butoccasionally a stressed syllable can also serve as an anchor (umbrella - brollie, tobacco -baccie). On the segmental level, we find alternations similar to those we observed fortruncated names (e.g. Nathaniel- Natty, Martha - Marty), which suggests thattruncations may be the input to diminutive formation. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.orgC hapter 5: Derivation without affixation 154 To finish our discussion of truncations, let us turn to a class of forms that seemto be less coherent than truncated names or y-diminutives. For convenience I labelthis sub-class of truncations clippings, a term that in other publications is often usedas an equivalent to ‘truncations’. Clippings appear as a rather mixed bag of formsabbreviated from larger words, which, however, share a common function, namelyto express familiarity with the denotation of the derivative. Thus, lab is used bypeople who work in laboratories, demo is part of the vocabulary of people who attenddemonstrations, and so on. Some clippings find their way into larger communities ofspeakers, in which case they lose their in-group flavor, as for example ad. To feed our discussion of structural aspects of clippings we should firstconsider some data: ad (← advertisement)(15) condo (← condominium) demo (← demonstration) disco (← discotheque) fax (← telefax) lab (← laboratory) ...