The Geological Structures and Maps

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The Geological Structures and MapsGeological Structures and Maps A PRACTICAL GUIDEThis Page Intentionally Left Blank Geological Structures and Maps A PRACTICAL GUIDE Third edition RICHARD J. LISLE Cardiff UniversityAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYOElsevier Butterworth-HeinemannLinacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803First published by Pergamon Press 1988Second edition 1995Reprinted 1999Third edition 2004Copyright © Richard J. Lisle 1995, 2004. All rights reservedThe right of Richard J. Lisle to be identified as the author of this workhas been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs andPatents Act 1988No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (includingphotocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whetheror not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) withoutthe written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with theprovisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms ofa licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road,London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s writtenpermission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressedto the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science andTechnology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830;fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may alsocomplete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com),by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’.British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 0 7506 5780 4 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.bh.comComposition by Genesis Typesetting Limited, Rochester, KentPrinted and bound in Great Britain Contents 5 vii Unconformity 77Preface 6 viii Igneous Rocks 85Geological Map Symbols1 7 Geological Maps 1 Folding with Cleavage 942 Uniformly Dipping Beds 2 102 Further Reading3 Folding 294 Faulting 59 103 IndexThis Page Intentionally Left Blank PrefaceGEOLOGICAL maps represent the expression on the earth’s The book is designed, as far as possible, to be readsurface of the underlying geological structure. For this without tutorial help. Worked examples are given to assistreason the ability to correctly interpret the relationships with the solution of the exercises. Emphasis is placeddisplayed on a geological map relies heavily on a knowl- throughout on developing the skill of three-dimensionaledge of the basic principles of structural geology. visualization so important to the geologist. This book discusses, from first principles up to and In the choice of the maps for the exercises, an attemptincluding first-year undergraduate level, the morphology of has been made to steer a middle course between thethe most important types of geological structures, and artificial-looking idealized type of ‘problem map’ and realrelates them to their manifestation on geological maps. survey maps. The latter can initially overwhelm the Although the treatment of structures is at an elementary student with the sheer amount of data presented. Many oflevel, care has been taken to define terms rigorously and in the exercises are based closely on selected ‘extracts’ froma way that is in keeping with current professional usage. All actual maps.too often concepts such as ‘asymmetrical fold’, ‘fold axis’ I am grateful to the late Professor T.R. Owen whoand ‘cylindrical fold’ explained in first textbooks have to be realized the need for a book with this scope and encouragedre-learned ‘correctly’ at university level. me to write it. Peter Henn and Catherine Shephard of Photographs of structures in the field are included to Pergamon Books are thanked for their help and patience.emphasize the similarities between structures at outcrop Thanks are also d ...