Tiếng Việt - Vietnamese: Phần 2

Nội dung chính của phần 2 cuốn "Tiếng Việt không son phấn" miêu tả cấu trúc của danh từ (noun phrase, NP); động từ (verb phrase, VP) trong tiếng Việt; miêu tả hình thức các loại câu trong tiếng Việt, qua hai bình diện “cấu trúc” (structural) và “biến tạo” (transformational); câu phủ định, câu nghi vấn, câu kép trong tiếng Việt;… Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.
Nội dung trích xuất từ tài liệu:
Tiếng Việt - Vietnamese: Phần 2 Chapter 8 The Noun Phrase8.0 Phrase structureAfter studying the various parts of speech, we will now look at the differentways they combine with one another to make up a larger unit, called phrase(or syntagm). But we will first discuss briefly the four basic patterns of grammaticalgrouping: (1) modification, (2) complementation, (3) predication, and (4)coordination. Examples are:(1) Modification. In a modification pattern, the central (or nuclear)grammatical unit, called modified, governs another grammatical unitcalled modifier, which as a satellite may precede or follow the centralunit. For example, the head noun bo bovine may be followed by aqualifier like sua milk, or duc male, or cái female, resulting in bosua milch cow, bo duc bull, bo cái cow. The same noun may bepreceded by one modifier or more, as in mot con bo cái one cow, aphrase containing the numeral mot one and the categorical noun N (=classifier) con animal. The sequence may further contain a specifiercalled demonstrative like nay this, ay that---which occurs at theend—so that this expression, called a NOUN PHRASE, now reads mot con bo cái nay [NUM+ N + N + DEM] this one cow[cf. the examples on pages 92 and 95](2) Complementation. A verb may occur alone (ve returned, nghelistened, ngu slept) or it may be followed by an item called itscomplement as in .... thay mot con bo cái. saw a cow,in which the verb of perception thay to see is followed by the object ofthat perception—one unit of the female bovine species.172 VIETNAMESE The structure of such a VERB PHRASE can be much more complex, withseveral kinds of complement.(3) Predication. The verb phrase in (2) would make up a meaningfulsentence if it is preceded by a partner called subject, and this resultinglarger sequence represents the third pattern—a predication: Toi thay mötcon bo cái. I saw a cow. Likewise Töi ve que. I went back to mynative village. Töi nghe mai. (continuously) I listened and listened. Toingu luon (without interruption) muoi tiêng dong-hd. I slept through tenhours.(4) Coordination. Two words, two phrases, or two sentences are conjoined. hai vói hai two and two Nam va vo Nam and [his] wife hai con bo duc (male) va mot con bo cái (female) two bulls and one cow Töi ve phong va ngú luon muoi tiêhg döng-ho. (I return room and sleep uninterruptedly ten sound clock) T went back to my room and slept through ten hours. Töi muon ve que // nhWng xe dap hong. (I want return native village, but vehicle-kick out of order) I wanted to go back to my village, but my bike broke down.8.1 The noun phrase (danh-ngu)8.1.0 We will first examine the pattern of modification in a noun phrase(NP) in this chapter, leaving the pattern of complementation in a verb phrase(vp) to the next chapter. As for the pattern of predication involving a subject(or topic) and a predicate (or comment), it will be studied in Chapters 10 and11, in which different sentence structures are discussed. All three majorpatterns may contain constituents that display a pattern of coordination. Before going on to look at the structure of a noun phrase as a pattern ofmodification, it is important to distinguish between compound nouns andnoun phrases. Examples of compound nouns are bo sua (cow milk)milch cow, ga me (chicken mother) mother hen, xe dap (vehicle kick)bicycle, may bay (machine fly) airplane, máy kéo (machine pull) THE NOUN PHRASE 173tractor, day nói (wire talk) telephone, quan-áo (pants shirt) clothes,dong-ho (copper vase) watch, clock, múa-máng (crop REDUP) crops,chan troi (foot sky) horizon, ca chua (eggplant sour) tomato, nguoi o(person live) servant, etc. [see 4.3.2.1]. A noun phrase [= nominalexpression], on the other hand, involves a relationship of modification, withthe head (or nuclear) constituent, a noun, modified by the other---calledmodifier. A noun can be modified by a noun, a substitute, a locative(noun), a numeral, a verb, an adjective (= stative verb), a demonstrative,or even a relative clause. Examples:• NOUN-NOUN: can duong kilogram of sugar, lit sua liter of milk, bat com bowl of rice, tách tra cup of tea; gol thuóc lá pack of cigarettes, chuong heo (pen pig) pig sty; dån chim flock of birds, top tho group of workers, nål chuoi hand of bananas, tóc may (hair cloud) cloud-like hair, bo sua Ha-lan (Holland) Dutch milch cows, lång Chåu-khe the village of Chau-khê.• NOUN-SUBSTITUTE : lång toi my village, truong no his/her school.• NOUN-LOCATIVE : tang tren (storey space above) the upper floor, mol du ...