Tính đa dạng của tiếng Anh

Để sử dụng một ngôn ngữ đúng cách, chúng tôi tất nhiên phải biết các cấu trúc ngữ pháp củangôn ngữ và ý nghĩa của chúng. Nhưng chúng ta cũng phải biết những gì hình thức của ngôn ngữthích hợp cho các tình huống nhất định. Có một cái gì đó gọi là "nhiều nhãn" như (Tiếng Anh Mỹ), (Anh), o nhậnPhát âm),
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Tính đa dạng của tiếng Anh VarietiesofEnglishTousealanguageproperly,weofcoursehavetoknowthegrammaticalstructuresofthelanguageandtheirmeanings.Butwealsohavetoknowwhatformsoflanguageareappropriateforgivensituations.Thereissomethingcalled“varietylabels”suchas(forAmericanEnglish),(forBritishEnglish),oReceivedPronunciation),(forGeneralAmerican),,,,.TheselabelsareremindersthattheEnglishlanguageisnotasinglelanguagebutmanylanguages,eachofwhichbelngstoaparticulargeographicalareaortoaparticularkindofsituation.The“commoncore”:LuckilymanyofthefeaturesofEnglisharefoundinall,ornearlyallvarieties.Generalfeaturesofthiskindbelongtothe“commoncore”ofthelanguage.E.g.(A)words:1offspring.formal2Childrencommoncore3KidsinformalItissafest,whenindoubttousethe“commoncore”term;thuschildrenisthewordyouwouldwanttousemostoften.Butpartof“knowingEnglish”isknowinginwhatcircumstancesitwouldbepossibletouseoffspringorkidsinsteadofchildren.(B)grammar:1Feelingtired,Johnwenttobedearly.Formal(forwrittenexposition)2Johnwenttobedearlybecausehefelttired.Commoncore3Johnfelttired,sohewenttobedearly.Informal(inrelaxedconversation)1)GeographicalandnationalvarietiesTherearemanyvarietiesofEnglishbutwewillonlydistinguishbetweenAmericanandBritishEnglish.Thegrammaticaldifferencesbetweenthetwovarieties(incomparisonwiththedifferencesofpronunciationandvocabulary)arenotverygreat.E.g.(ofhowandcandiffer)A)1:Haveyougotten/gottheticketsforthematch?2:Haveyougottheticketsforthematch?hastwopastparticipleformsofget:gottenandgot,whereashasonlyone:got.B)1:Onecannotsucceedunlesshetrieshard.2:Onecannotsucceedunlessonetrieshard.Therepeatedsubjectafteroneisdifferentinbothvarieties.C)1:Theirhouseisdifferentthanours.2:Theirhouseisdifferentfromours.Thenormalcomplementafterdifferentisthaninbutfrom(orsometimesto)in.D)1:TheysuggestedthatSmithbedroppedfromtheteam.2and:TheysuggestedthatSmithshouldbedroppedfromtheteam.Theuseofthesubjunctiveafterverbslikedemand,require,insist,suggest,etc,ismorecommoninthan.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Written and spoken EnglishThe English of speech tends to be different from the English of writing in someobvious ways.Written English: • In writing we usually have time to plan our message and revise it. • Written English is often formal. • The grammar of written English is more complex than of spoken. • Passive voice is often used in written English. • Sentences must be complete. • No short forms are used e.g. (dont )should be (do not ). • Punctuation is used to make the relations between sentences clearer.Spoken English: • In our conversations we dont have time for thinking or revising. • Informal language is often used in spoken English. • We may fail to complete our sentences. • The grammar of spoken English is simple. • Incomplete sentences are used. • Short forms like Ill or wouldnt can be used. • Intonation is used in spoken English instead of punctuation in written English . • Hesitation fillers like er and um are used while thinking of what next to say. • Words and phrases like well, you see, and kind of are used . An example of spoken English: Well Ive just come back from New York where it was pretty clear that. this was a general trend with young people there. and er I um Im worried though because you see. it seems that. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Formal and informal English Formal language: is the type of language we use publicly for some serious purpose, .for example, in official reports, business letters and regulations Formal English is almost always used in written language and formal public - .speeches Informal language i.e. colloquial language is the language of private conversation, .of personal letters, etc Public communication of a popular kind like advertisements and popular news - papers mainly employ an informal style because it is generally easier to under stand .than formal English :there are various degrees of formality * Formal (1 Common core (2 Informal (3 Exampl ...