Troy Technologies USA_ A+ CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE Core Exam

This study guide consists of a selection of questions and answers similar to the ones you will find on the official A+ Core Certification exam. All you need to do is study and memorize the following questions and answers and you will be ready to take the exam. Remember, we guarantee it!
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Troy Technologies USA_ A+ CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE Core Exam Troy Technologies USA A+ CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE Core Exam Edition 4 Congratulations!! You have purchased one of the Troy Technologies USA Study Guides. This study guide consists of a selection of questions and answers similar to the ones you will find on the official A+ Core Certification exam. All you need to do is study and memorize the following questions and answers and you will be ready to take the exam. Remember, we guarantee it! Average study time is 10 to 15 hours. Then you are ready. GOOD LUCK! Guarantee Should you use this study guide and still fail the exam, then send us the original of your official score notice, along with your mailing address to: Troy Technologies USA 8200 Pat Booker Rd. #368 San Antonio, TX 78233 We will gladly refund the cost of this study guide. However, you are not going to need this guarantee if you follow the above instructions. This material is protected by copyright law and international treaties. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this material, or any portion thereof, may result in severe civil and criminal penalties, and will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible under law.  Copyright 1998, 1999 & 2000 Troy Technologies USA. All Rights Reserved. . Microprocessors CPU - The heart of the Microprocessor is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU controls nearly all functions of the PC. External Data Bus - Wires on the motherboard used by the CPU to communicate with peripherals and ROM. Address Bus - Wires on the motherboard used by the CPU to communicate and access memory through the Memory Controller Chip (MCC). How much memory a CPU can access depends on how many wires are in the address bus. Clock Speed - The speed at which a CPU can perform calculations and access peripherals or memory. This is controlled by the oscillating System Crystal located on the motherboard. Types of CPU packages CPU System DIPP (Dual Inline Pin Package) 8088, 8086, 80286 PGA (Pin Grid Array) 80286, 80386, 486 Pentium, P6 PLCC (Plastic Leaderless Chip Carrier) 80286, 80386 PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Pack) 80286, 80386, 486 Real Mode - The mode of memory access used by the CPU in DOS. CPU can only access 1MB of memory and can only run one program at a time. Protected Mode - The mode of memory access used by the CPU to address more than 1MB of memory and run more than one program at a time by “protecting” the part of memory each program is running in from use by another program. 386 Enhanced Mode - Same as protected mode, but added the enhanced features of Virtual Memory and Virtual 8086. Virtual Memory - When CPU uses a portions of a hard drive storage device as memory. Appears just like regular memory to the operating system. Math Coprocessor - A processor other than the CPU that is used to perform high level math functions. Internal Cache - On board RAM built into the CPU. This allows the CPU to store commands internally and execute them when it has time. Also called Level one (L1) cache. External Cache - The same as L1 cache, only it is a special RAM chip that sits on the motherboard. CPU Advancements CPU Introduced 80286 Protected Mode, Addressed more than 1MB of memory (16MB) 80386DX/SX/SL Virtual Memory, Virtual 8086, Internal Cache, 386 Protected Mode 486 Built in Math Coprocessor & L1 Cache on same chip Pentium Dual Pipelining Pentium Pro (P6) Quad Pipelining, Dynamic Processing, L1 &L2 cache on board 1 Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) - The working area of your PC where programs are stored while being executed. DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory. Typically the type of RAM accessed by the CPU in most PC. Uses capacitors to store data, so it must be refreshed constantly. Access Speed - The number of nanoseconds it takes the DRAM chip to respond to the MCC. This is typically 80ns to 50ns. The lower the number, the faster the chip. Access speed can be determined by looking at the last number on the chip. Ex: AAA4M303J - 06, would be 60ns. Parity - A method of memory error detection. Usually manifests itself as an extra chip on the memory SIMM. SRAM - Static RAM. Does not use capacitors, so it does not have to be refreshed like DRAM. It is very expensive, so it is only used in small amounts for memory cache. RAM Memory Packages Package Features SIPP (Single Inline Pin Package) Combined 8 DRAM chips on a single card 8 bits wide SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) Eliminated pins, Introduced Banking, 30 or 72 pin flavors DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) 168 pins per stick Conventional Memory - The first 640K of memory addresses used to run applications. Also referred to as Lower Memory. Reserved Memory - The next 384K of memory address reserved for use by different types of ROM BIOS and Video RAM. Also referred to as Upper Memory. Extended Memory (XMS) - Any memory addresses above Reserved Memory. High Memory Area (HMA) - The first 64K of Extended Memory Expanded Memory (EMS) - Reserved or Extended Memory which is made to act like Conventional Memory. Also known as LIM Memory. Limulation - The act of converting Extended Memory into Expanded Memory. Shadowing - The process of copying ROM BIOS informat ...