Wiley wastewater quality monitoring and treatment_5

Cách duy nhất để đạt tiến bộ trong xử lý nước thải, và do đó thực hiện theo các quy định có liên quan, là để đảm bảo rằng các nhà máy có thể làm việc với độ tin cậy hoàn toàn. Điều này ngụ ý rằng giám sát đáng tin cậy về chất lượng nước thải và số lượng và hiệu quả điều trị nên được thực hiện cho các đặc tính của nước thải thô và được điều trị và kiểm soát của nhà máy....
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Wiley wastewater quality monitoring and treatment_5JWBK117-1.5 JWBK117-Quevauviller October 10, 2006 20:13 Char Count= 0 References 81 In fact, a biosensor is not just a simple association between a biocatalyst and the transducer but a device which is affected by different interferences, requiring per- haps thermostatic control, addition of nutritive solutions, adjustment of pH, salinity, exposure to light and elimination of suspended solids. All these parameters need to be carefully controlled in field applications (sometimes this is a difficult task) in order to assure the quality of the data produced by these systems. Another problem is related to the measurement systems (specially the optical in- strumentation). In order to perform in-situ analysis it is advisable to design small instruments to make them cheaper and more compact. Battery-operated instruments based on solid-state technology (e.g. excitation with LED or laser diodes, silicon photodiode detection, etc.) would be a potential solution for obtaining portable in- struments. Therefore validation of such devices in field conditions and development of a ro- bust and portable instrumentation is a priority to include biosensors and other contin- uous analytical systems in biomonitoring of water and to help to improve protection of the aquatic environment. Otherwise these systems will remain mostly within the academic and research frame. Only the systems which are fast, simple, cheap and validated will have commercial success. This aim obviously cannot be achieved with- out the cooperation of the biologists, engineers, statisticians and electrical engineers. This interdisicplinary cooperation is absolutely necessary to ensure success. REFERENCES Allan, I., Vrana, B., Greenwood, R., Mills, G., Roig, B. and Gonzalez, C. (2006) Talanta, 69(2), 302–322. Araujo, C.V Nascimiento, R.B., Oliveira, C.A., Strotmann, U.J. and da Silva, E.M. (2005) Chemo- ., sphere, 28, 1277–1281. Cheng, J., Sheldon, E.L., Wu, L., Uribe, A., Gerrue, L.O., Carrino, J., Heller, M. and O’Conell, J.P. (1998) Nature Biotechnol, 16, 541–546. Diez-Caballero, T. (2000) Ingen. Qu´m., 6, 119–125. ı Europto (1995) Air toxics and water monitoring. SPIE, 2503. Farr´ , M., Pasini, O., Alonso, M.C., Castillo M. and Barcel´ , D. (2001) Anal. Chim. Acta, 426, e o 155–165. Farr´ , M., Kloter, G., Petrovic, M., Alonso, M., Jose Lopez de Alda, M. and Barcel´ , D. (2002) e o Anal. Chim. Acta, 456, 19–30. Freitas dos Santos, L., Defrenne, L. and Krebs-Brown, A. (2002) Anal. Chim. Acta, 456, 41–54. Holmes, D.S. (1994) Environ. Geochem. Health, 16, 229–233. ISCO (2004) Publicity data. STIP ISCO GmbH. Marty, J.L., Garc´a, D. and Rouillon, R. (1995) Trends Anal Chem., 14, 329–333. ı Nakanishi, K., Masao, A., Sako, Y., Ishida, Y., Muguruma, H. and Karube, I. (1996) Anal Lett., 9, 1247–1258. Nistor, C., Rose, A., Farr´ , M., Stoica, L., Wollenberger, U., Ruzgas, T., Pfeiffer, D., Barcel´ , D., e o Gorton, L. and Emmneus, J. (2002) Anal. Chim. Acta, 456, 3–17. P´ rez, F., Tryland, I., Mascini, M. and Fiksdal, L. (2001) Anal. Chim. Acta, 427, 149. eJWBK117-1.5 JWBK117-Quevauviller October 10, 2006 20:13 Char Count= 0 Biosensors and Biological Monitoring for Assessing Water Quality 82 Philip, J., Balmand, S., Hajto, E. and Bailey, M.J. (2003) Anal. Chim. Acta, 487, 61–74. Pless, P., Futschik, K. and Schopf, E. (1996) J. Food Protect., 57(5), 369–376. Rasgoti, S., Kumar, A., Mehra, N.K., Makhijani, S.D., Manoharan, A., Gangal, V. and Kumnar, R. (2003) Biosensors Bioelectr., 18, 23–29. Stanley, P.E., McCarthy, B.J. and Smither, R. (Eds) (1989) ATP-Luminiscence: Rapid Methods in Microbiology. Blackwell, Oxford, vol. 26. Tschemaleak, J., Proll, G. and Gauglitz, G. (2005) Talanta , 65, 313. Wooley, A.T., Hadley, D., Landre, P., Demello, A.J., Mathies, R.A. and Noarthrup, M.A. (1996) Anal Chem, 68, 40 ...