Audience Analysis and Written Communication

Resulting from specific situation: There is no fast feedback on written communication;You cannot make use of non-verbal communication; Written message is often aimed at a large group of people
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Audience Analysis and Written CommunicationLecture10. AudienceAnalysisand WrittenCommunication The Concept of the Audience Types of Professional Readers1 ProblemsofWritingProcessResulting from specific situation:  There is no fast feedback on written  communication;  You cannot make use of non-verbal  communication;  Written message is often aimed at a  large group of people2 ProblemsofWritingProcessHow people learn to write and speak:   People learn to write after learning how to speak;   People have little practice in written communication3 ProblemsofWritingProcessOther reasons:   Informative texts are a heterogeneous group;   The writer has many different tasks to carry out before he can start writing;   The text must meet many various demands of the reader4 TheConceptoftheAudience   Various Readers => various application purposes   Biography data => why and how the text is used   Various purposes => various expectations5 Audience   Common application purpose and common expectations   Reader’s needs = applications and expectations6A key to the audience needsLevel of knowledge about the subject  How much information should be  included  Which information should be  includedPurpose of reading 1.  How to organize the information7TypesofProfessionalAudience   Experts   Technical workers   Managers • ↓ Level of knowledge • ↓ Purpose of reading • ↓ Needs in reading8ExpertsLevel of knowledge Very high level of knowledge  Purpose of reading  To keep and expand their professional  knowledge  To get particular answers on research  questions  To evaluate the technical content of the  plans and proposals9Experts:Needsinreading  Do not give detailed explanation to the source information and definitions;  Include all details connected with any process described in the document;  Use graphs and diagrams and figures to show these connections, give sources of these figures;  Use titles, contents, sections and subsections to classify and organize information;  Make sure all pages are numbered  Be sure to give citations to the sources10TechniciansLevel of knowledge How and why the process occurs,   why the device works or does not work; General technical terms to describe   process or device they know well; Do not know well the technical   terms beyond the field of their activity Do not know abstract or general   concepts of a process or a device operation11TechniciansPurpose of reading Learn how to do the task connected with   professional activity; Learn to solve particular problems   connected with professional activity; Learn about new devices connected with   professional activity; Get new skills and knowledge to improve   their work results12TechniciansNeeds in reading Introductory and preliminary information   should be presented in short Use graphs and tables;   Give instructions, where possible   Sections and instructions must be short   Section numbers and references   Give short definitions, examples or   explanations to unknown terms, devices, instruments, etc.13ManagersLevel of knowledge Often have general knowledge of the   subject; Rarely have technical knowledge in   some field; May not know of new concepts and   achievements in the field14ManagersPurpose of reading  Get the information for decision making;   Realize the current situation;   Foresee future tendencies or development  in the field;  Retain their level of general knowledge;   Estimate success and efficiency of projects  and workers15ManagersNeeds in reading  Provide key information in short  generalization;   Give information in order of its importance;   Emphasize the information to facilitate the decision taking;   Provide enough initial information in the introduction;   Generalize all recommended measures and conclusions;   Use graphs, etc. in generalizing;   Explain unfamiliar and technical terms;   Expand explanations in appendices at the end16 AudienceAnalysis   Studying the documents   Defining the audience expectations17 Genres   The formats of presenting the information   Particular purpose   Particular order = particular purpose18 ThreeKeySchemestoDefineGenre   Ethos   Logos   Pathos19 ...