Báo cáo khoa học: Graphic Linguistics and its Terminology

DURING the past thirty years great advances have been made towards making the study of language a science, but leading linguists have been mainly concerned with spoken language. There has been a certain tendency to suggest that the study of written documents should always be subsidiary to that of some spoken idiom, or even that it is bound to be less scientific than that of spoken idioms, and perhaps not a proper part of "linguistics" at all.
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Graphic Linguistics and its Terminology" [Mechanical Translation, vol.3, no.1, July 1956; pp. 8-11]Graphic Linguistics and its TerminologyR . A. Crossland nism for conveying meaning by graphic signals,DURING the past thirty years great advances one whose convenience lies in the small numberhave been made towards making the study of lan- of signs required. The adoption of a particularguage a science, but leading linguists have been form of it, alphabetic writing, in Western Europe,mainly concerned with spoken language. There has led to its being widely regarded as the nor-has been a certain tendency to suggest that the mal and natural mechanism, and some of thosestudy of written documents should always be who have discussed the analysis of systems ofsubsidiary to that of some spoken idiom, or even writing have tended to write as if they were allthat it is bound to be less scientific than that of more or less satisfactory systems of phonemicspoken idioms, and perhaps not a proper part oflinguistics at all.1 transcription of utterances. This attitude leads to or supports the view that the study of written These suggestions should be opposed. Lin- documents should always be subsidiary to theguistics should include the study of written study of some spoken idiom, or as an extremelanguages as well as that of spoken; the former to the idea that texts are not language.3 Onestudy can and should be as scientific as the must leave to psychologists the question whetherlatter, and it needs its own terminology which it is possible to read or write without someshould be basically independent of that of the thought of phonic4 realization, whether based onstudy of spoken languages. Much confusion, and a known spoken idiom or not. But it can hardlysome mistrust, if not antagonism, among lin- be denied that the users of a system of graphicguists would seem to have resulted from lack communication may develop for it conventions ofo f agreed distinct terminologies for the two vocabulary and grammar which differ from thosestudies, which might well be called respectivelyphonic and graphic or epigraphic linguistics.2 of any spoken language which they use, or on which the system was originally based. A group The problems of graphic linguistics are pro- of texts showing similar conventions of grammarbably best approached through consideration of and vocabulary may reasonably be termed awhat writing is. A script may be defined as a written language.5system of visual symbols whose purpose is to Most of this will probably be accepted by theconvey the thought of one individual or group to majority of those concerned with the study ofanother. Writing is often treated as a means spoken languages, though in some cases with theof representing a spoken utterance or utteran- proviso that the study of written language shouldces by visual symbols, but this is not its pri- be considered a discipline separate from lin-mary purpose, except where phonetic or phone- guistics and philology. Such differentiation,m ic transcription in linguistic work is con- however, has the disa ...