báo cáo khoa học: The Chinese government’s response to drug use and HIV/AIDS: A review of policies and programs

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báo cáo khoa học: " The Chinese government’s response to drug use and HIV/AIDS: A review of policies and programs"Li et al. Harm Reduction Journal 2010, 7:4http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/7/1/4 REVIEW Open AccessThe Chinese government’s response to drug useand HIV/AIDS: A review of policies and programsJianhua Li1*, Toan H Ha2, Cunmin Zhang1, Hongjie Liu2 Abstract Illicit drug use has become popular in China. Acknowledging the challenge of illicit drug use, China has adopted several new policies on the management of illicit drug use in recent years. This study reviews the current policies on drug use and assesses the harm reduction interventions among drug users in China. The review documents that the new policies on drug use provide a variety of choices of detoxification treatment for drug users. The methadone maintenance treatment and needle exchange programs have been adopted as harm reduction models in China. Most of the reviewed harm reduction programs have been successfully implemented and yielded positive effects in reducing drug related risk behaviors among drug users. Although there remain barriers to the effective implementation of policies on drug use and harm reduction programs, Chinese government has shown their com- mitment to support the expansion of harm reduction interventions for drug users throughout the country.Introduction World Drug Report in 2008, China had the third largest heroin seizures in the world and the largest cocaine sei-History of drug use in ChinaChina has a long history of illicit drug use. Opium was zures in Asia in 2006 [6].first trafficked into China by ancient Arabians in early According to the China Ministry of Public Security,700 BC [1]. During the 16th century, British colonists the number of registered drug users increased fromimported Indian opium into China as a means of 70,000 in 1990 to 1.16 millio n in 2005 [7,8], however,exchange for goods such as silk, tea and cash. Since the estimated number is believed to be higher [9]. Thethen, opium has been grown and used throughout majority of drug users use heroin. Most of them areChina [2]. The number of drug addicts exceeded 20 mil- young, have little education and do not have stablelion in 1949 when the new China was founded. Follow- employment [10,11]. New dr ugs including ampheta-ing the launching of an extensive anti-drug campaign in mine-type-stimulants (ATS), particularly methampheta-the early 1950s, the Chinese government news agency mine, and other narcotics have become popular amongannounced in 1953 that drug abuse was completely youth since late 1990s and have since become availableeliminated from the mainland, which led China to be in medium- and large- sized cities in China [9,12].considered a drug-free country for the next thirty years[2,3]. Brief overview of HIV/AIDS infection in injecting drug Drug use re-emerged in China as it adopted economic usersreforms and an open door policy to the outside in The HIV epidemic in China began in 1989 among injec-1980s. The drug trafficking activities were carried out tion drug users (IDUs) [13]. Injection drug use (IDU)mainly through the route from the Golden Triangle was the major HIV transmission route in the country,region (Myanmar, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces) to with cases of HIV/AIDS diagnosed among drug users inGuangzhou and Hong Kong [4]. The large amount of all 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regionsheroin and opium in the Chinese market has been by 2002 [14]. According to a recent estimate, 44.7% ofbrought from Myanmar into Yunnan Province or from 50,000 new HIV cases in 2007 were infected throughViet Nam into Guangxi Province [5]. According to the heterosexual contact, and 42% through IDU [15]. The latest estimate of HIV prevalence among IDUs is 12.55% [16]. However, HIV infection varies from region to* Correspondence: leejianhua77@gmail.com region. The HIV infection rates among IDUs in1 Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse, Yunnan, China © 2010 Li et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Li et al. Harm Reduction Journal 2010, 7:4 Page 2 of 6http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/7/1/4Xinji ...