Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học Evolution of Evolution of IPM

PestWhat là gì sâu bệnh? Các sinh vật mà chúng tôi tin rằng giảm giá trị củanguồn tài nguyên mà chúng tôi quan tâm. Họ làm điều này bằng cáchgây thiệt hại trong sản xuất và chất lượng của thực phẩm vàchất lượng chất xơ, bằng cách truyền bệnh, và giảmmôi trường của chúng tôi
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Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " Evolution of Evolution of IPM "Evolution of IPMEvolution Ho Van Chien & Le Quoc Cuong Ho Chien Le Quoc (collection and Synthesis) (collection Southern regional Plant Protection Center Southern What are pests? What Organisms that we believe reduce the value of Organisms resources that we are interested. They do this by causing loss in production and quality of food and fiber; by transmitting diseases; and reduce quality of our environment. of Human values Production Pest Protection activities Damage activities Pest populations Norton and Conway, 1977 Traditional pest control methods Traditional Use of ants and PSO for Use fruit-orchards in China. fruit Late sowing to control Late white stem borers in Java. Java. Delay transplanting for Delay yellow stem borer control in Japan. in Handpicking egg Handpicking masses. masses. Removing eggs using a Removing rope soaked with kerosene Pesticide Era Pesticide Discovery of DDT (Muller 1939; Nobel Prize 1948) Chlorinated compounds (BHC, dieldrin, Chlorinated dieldrin endosulfan) endosulfan Organophosphates/Carbamates (m-parathion, parathion, carbofuran) carbofuran Pyrethroids (deltamethrin)Pesticide EraPesticide •R & D on chemical interventions dominated on agricultural change in developed countries in 1960’s and 1970s and is still strongly influencing 1960 and pest management practices in most of Asia. pest •Ecological understanding largely ignored or Ecological superficially dealt with. superficially •Green Revolution -Pesticides introduced as a necessary input and farmers Pesticides encouraged to use them to achieve high yields through advertising and loans. advertising Eg. Masagana 99 (Philippines), BIMAS (Indonesia) MasaganaEcological and health concernsEcological Silent Spring Rachel Carson 1962 Undesirable effects of pesticides  Development of resistance  Increased need to discover new chemicals  Pollution – Biomagnification Pollution  Accumulation of residues up the food chain  Human health hazards  Acute and chronic toxicities  Effects on non target organisms, like bees, Effects wildlife wildlife  Loss in biodiversity  Disrupt natural biological control mechanisms  Pest resurgence  Development of secondary pest outbreaksPhases in agricultural productionand pest control practicesand Subsistence Subsistence Ecological Exploitation Crisis  Resistance Resistance  Cocktails  Higher sprays Higher freq. & volumes freq. Disaster  Industry decline RecoveryBook ChapterBookEcotoxicology:Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms Impact of Insecticides on Herbivore-Natural Enemy Natural Communities Communities in Tropical Rice Ecosystems K.L. Heong & K.G. Schoenly K.L. Schoenly 1998Ecological and species concernsEcologicalEcological disruptions that causeInsect-pests and diseasesInsect pestsproblemsproblems  Drought  Floods  Abnormal migrations  Pesticides Impact of insecticides on predators predators The insecticide sprays The in citrus orchards cause of red-mite cause mite resurgence and population increase. Loss of natural enemy Loss components, could not weaver ant-keeping. weaver keeping.Mean food chain lengths reducedMean  Sprays reduced chain lengths Sprays significantly from 3 to about 2. significantly  Estimated time for food web to Estimated recover was 22 days after the last spray. 22  Sprays bring about asynchrony in Sprays predator-prey relationships. predator The secondary pest becomes to major pest major Insecticide sprays, especially in the early Insecticide crop stages, favor the development of secondary pests, like BPH in Rice or Red mite in Citrus. mite Insecticides have differential effects on Insecticides guilds and community structure. guilds The secondary pest has higher population The growth rates than predators. growthEgg stage – refuge from refugepesticides or the secondary pestresurgenceresurgenceResurgence and secondary pestResurgence ...