Báo cáo y học: HIV-1 associated dementia: symptoms and causes

Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về y học được đăng trên tạp chí y học quốc tế cung cấp cho các bạn kiến thức về ngành y đề tài: HIV-1 associated dementia: symptoms and causes
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Báo cáo y học: " HIV-1 associated dementia: symptoms and causes"Retrovirology BioMed Central Open AccessReviewHIV-1 associated dementia: symptoms and causesMohammad Ghafouri1, Shohreh Amini2, Kamel Khalili1 andBassel E Sawaya*1Address: 1Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 19122, USA and2Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USAEmail: Mohammad Ghafouri - ghafouri@temple.edu; Shohreh Amini - shohreh.amini@temple.edu; Kamel Khalili - kamel.khalili@temple.edu;Bassel E Sawaya* - sawaya@temple.edu* Corresponding authorPublished: 19 May 2006 Received: 18 March 2006 Accepted: 19 May 2006Retrovirology 2006, 3:28 doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-28This article is available from: http://www.retrovirology.com/content/3/1/28© 2006 Ghafouri et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), neuronal cell death remains a problem that is frequently found in the brains of HIV-1-infected patients. HAART has successfully prevented many of the former end-stage complications of AIDS, however, with increased survival times, the prevalence of minor HIV-1 associated cognitive impairment appears to be rising among AIDS patients. Further, HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) is still prevalent in treated patients as well as attenuated forms of HAD and CNS opportunistic disorders. HIV-associated cognitive impairment correlates with the increased presence in the CNS of activated, though not necessarily HIV-1-infected, microglia and CNS macrophages. This suggests that indirect mechanisms of neuronal injury and loss/death occur in HIV/AIDS as a basis for dementia since neurons are not themselves productively infected by HIV-1. In this review, we discussed the symptoms and causes leading to HAD. Outcome from this review will provide new information regarding mechanisms of neuronal loss in AIDS patients. zfeldt-Jakob disease), bacteria in syphilis and borrelia,Definition and causesDementia cannot be considered as a disease by itself but parasites in toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis and neurocyst-it is the term used to describe a set of symptoms resulting icercosis [2], however viral agents are the leading cause offrom damages and disorders affecting the brain. These infection related dementia. Among the viruses infectingsymptoms can be caused by a multitude of diseases and the brain, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)depend upon the specific brain regions affected. These is the most common cause of dementia, other CNS viralsymptoms appear as a variety of cognitive, behavioral, infection implying herpes simplex virus type I, Varicellaaffective, motor, and psychiatric disorders. Dementia can zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus causebe caused by a variety of diseases, known as neurodegen- encephalitis and severe brain dysfunction. The collectionerative diseases resulting from protein aggregation in the of viral agent infecting the CNS and producing viralbrain [1]. These diseases include Alzheimers, Lewy bod- encephalitis includes also arboviruses, rabies viruses,ies, Huntington and Parkinson [1]. Infectious diseases polyomaviruses and enteroviruses [3]. Finally, dementiaaffecting the central nervous system (CNS) may lead to could also be caused by vascular disorders (e.g. multiple-dementia. These infections can be caused by different infarct dementia), drug addiction, hydrocephalus, andagents such as: abnormal protein in prion diseases (Creut- injury or brain tumors [4,5]. Despite the variability ...