Being Born Under Adverse Economic Conditions Leads to a Higher Cardiovascular Mortality Rate Later in Life: Evidence Based on Individuals Born at Different Stages of the Business Cycle

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Combining investment in public transportation capital and operations within the US, the analysis indicates that an average of 36,000 jobs are supported for one year, per billion dollars of annual spending on public transportation, given the existing mix of operations (71 percent) and capital (29 percent) expenditures. These investment impacts include directly supported jobs at manufacturers and at operators of public transportation equipment and facilities, plus additional “indirect” jobs supported by orders for other product and service providers, and “indirect” jobs supported by consumer spending of workers’ wages. These overall impacts can represent new jobs insofar...
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Being Born Under Adverse Economic Conditions Leads to a Higher Cardiovascular Mortality Rate Later in Life: Evidence Based on Individuals Born at Different Stages of the Business Cycle