Chapter 069. Tissue Engineering (Part 3)

TRC (Aastrom)Autologous adult bone marrow cells for bone graftingLiverX2000 (Algenix)Extracorporeal liver assist deviceEncapsulated islet (Amcyte)proliferatedEncapsulated islet cellsMyocell (Bioheart)Encapsulated infarctioncellsformyocardialBioSeed-C,BioSeed-OralAutologous tissue repair for bone and cartilageBone (Biotissue Technologies)E-matrix (Encelle)Repair or regeneration of diseased or damaged tissueMarkII (Excorp)Extracorporeal liver assist deviceICX-PRO, (Intercytex)ICX-TRCWound repair and hair regenerationHuCNS-SC Inc)(StemCell cellsHuman central nervous system stemNT-501 (Neurotech SA)Encapsulated cell technology for longterm delivery of therapeutic factors to retinaProcord (Proneuron)Autologousactivatedmacrophagetherapy for patients with acute complete spinal cord injuryChondroCelect (Tigenix) ...
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Chapter 069. Tissue Engineering (Part 3) Chapter 069. Tissue Engineering (Part 3) Table 69-2 Tissue-Engineering Products in Clinical Trials TRC (Aastrom) Autologous adult bone marrow cells for bone grafting LiverX2000 (Algenix) Extracorporeal liver assist device Encapsulated proliferated Encapsulated islet cellsislet (Amcyte) Myocell (Bioheart) Encapsulated cells for myocardial infarction BioSeed-C, BioSeed-Oral Autologous tissue repair for bone andBone (Biotissue Technologies) cartilage E-matrix (Encelle) Repair or regeneration of diseased or damaged tissue MarkII (Excorp) Extracorporeal liver assist device ICX-PRO, ICX-TRC Wound repair and hair regeneration(Intercytex) HuCNS-SC (Stem Cell Human central nervous system stemInc) cells NT-501 (Neurotech SA) Encapsulated cell technology for long- term delivery of therapeutic factors to retina Procord (Proneuron) Autologous activated macrophage therapy for patients with acute complete spinal cord injury ChondroCelect (Tigenix) Autologous chondrocyte implantation Spheramine (Titan Retinal pigment epithelial cells inPharmaceutical) microcarriers to provide continuous source of dopamine in the brain ELAD (Vigagen) Extracorporeal liver assist device Challenges to Tissue Engineering The greatest success in tissue engineering to date has been in tissues suchas skin and cartilage where the requirements for nutrients and oxygen arerelatively low. Due to oxygen diffusion limitations, the maximal thickness of anengineered tissue is 150–200 µm if there is not an intrinsic capillary network.Strategies used to overcome this limitation include transplantation of the tissuedirectly into the patients vasculature or trying to induce angiogenesis byincorporating growth factors such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor intothe scaffold. A more recent approach involves the creation of an intrinsic networkof vascular channels immediately adjacent to the engineered tissue. A combinationof microelectro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology andcomputational models of fractal branching allows the construction of an intrinsicmicrovascular network scaffold within a biocompatible polymer. This preformedcapillary-like network can be seeded with cells and ultimately sustains the growthand function of complex three-dimensional tissues. Immune rejection of allogenic cells is another major obstacle. The use ofimmunosuppressive drugs is not considered an optimal solution to this problem.One potential solution is to develop universal donor cells by masking thehistocompatibility proteins on the cell surface. Off-the-shelf availability will need to be addressed for tissue engineeringproducts to be used widely. Ideally, products should be reproducible and availableat a wide variety of hospitals, including those without sophisticated facilities forcell culture and cell proliferation. Further Readings Ahsan T, Nerem RM: Bioengineered tissues: The science, the technology,and the industry. Orthod Craniofacial Res 8:134, 2005 [PMID: 16022714] Lavik E, Langer R: Tissue engineering: Current state and perspectives.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65:1, 2004 [PMID: 15221227] Lysaght MJ, Hazlehurst AL: Tissue engineering: The end of the beginning.Tissue Engineering 10:12, 2004 Sheih SJ, Vacanti JP: State-of-the-art tissue engineering: From tissueengineering to organ building. Surgery 137:1, 2005 Yow KH et al: Tissue engineering of vascular conduits. Br J Surg93(6):652, 2006 [PMID: 16703652]