Chapter 070. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Assessment (Part 3)

Note: This table presents recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) in bold type and adequate intakes (AIs) in ordinary type. RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all individuals (97 to 98%) in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by...
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Chapter 070. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Assessment (Part 3) Chapter 070. Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Assessment (Part 3) Note: This table presents recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) inbold type and adequate intakes (AIs) in ordinary type. RDAs and AIs may both beused as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost allindividuals (97 to 98%) in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is themean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to coverneeds of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the dataprevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individualscovered by this intake. a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. To calculate RAEs fromretinol equivalents (REs) of provitamin A carotenoids in foods, divide the REs by2. For preformed vitamin A in foods or supplements and for provitamin Acarotenoids in supplements, 1 RE = 1 RAE. b As calciferol. 1 µg calciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. d As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only formof α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms ofα-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortifiedfoods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foodsand supplements. e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6months = preformed niacin (not NE). f As dietary folate equivalents (DFEs). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg offolic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of asupplement taken on an empty stomach. g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assesswhether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and itmay be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at someof these stages. h Because 10 to 30% of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it isadvisable for those >50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foodsfortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. i In view of evidence linking inadequate folate intake with neural tubedefects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becomingpregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intakeof food folate from a varied diet. j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg fromsupplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enterprenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptionalperiod—the critical time for formation of the neural tube. Source: Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine—NationalAcademy of Sciences Dietary Reference Intakes, 2000, 2002, reprinted withpermission. Courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington, DC.http://www.nap.edu Table 70-2 Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes forIndividuals—Elements C M M M Pife- alciu hromi oppe luori odin ron, agnesi angan olybde hosph eleni inc,Stage m, um, r, de, e, mg/ um, ese, num, orus um, mg/Grou mg/d µg/d µg/d mg/d µg/d d mg/d mg/d µg/d mg/d µg/d dpnfants 0 3 0 2 10–6 10 .2 00 .01 10 .27 0 .003 00 5mo 5 7 0 3 27–12 70 .5 20 .5 30 1 5 .6 75 0mohildren 1 8 1 1 41–3 y 00 1 40 .7 0 0 .2 7 60 0 1 1 1 2 54–8 y 00 5 40 0 0 30 .5 2 00 0ales 2 2 1 3 19–13 300 5 00 20 40 .9 4 250 0y 3 4 2 4 114– 300 5 90 50 1 10 .2 3 250 5 118 y 3 4 2 4 719– 000 5 00 50 00 .3 5 00 5 130 y 3 4 2 4 731– 000 5 00 50 20 .3 5 00 5 150 y 3 4 2 4 751– 200 0 00 50 20 .3 5 00 5 170 y 3 4 2 4 7>70 y 200 0 00 50 20 .3 5 00 5 1emales 2 2 1 3 19–13 300 1 00 20 40 .6 4 250 0y 2 3 1 4 114– 300 4 90 50 5 60 .6 3 250 518 y 2 3 1 4 719– 000 5 00 50 8 10 .8 5 00 530 y 2 3 1 4 731– 000 5 00 50 8 20 .8 5 00 550 y 2 3 1 4 751– 200 0 00 50 20 .8 5 00 570 y 2 3 1 4 7>70 y 200 0 00 50 20 .8 5 00 5regnancy 2 4 2 5 1≤18 y 300 9 000 20 7 00 .0 0 250 0 2 3 ...