Ebook Cryptosporidium - Parasite and disease: Part 1

Part 1 book "Cryptosporidium - Parasite and disease" includes content: Taxonomy and molecular taxonomy; epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis; molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis; cryptosporidiosis in farmed animals; cryptosporidiosis in other vertebrates.
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Ebook Cryptosporidium - Parasite and disease: Part 1 Simone M. Cacciò Giovanni Widmer Editors Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease ThiS is a FM Blank Page ` Simone M. Caccio • Giovanni Widmer Editors Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease Editors Simone M. Caccio ` Giovanni Widmer Department of Infectious, Parasitic Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine and Immunomediated Diseases Division of Infectious Diseases ` Istituto Superiore di Sanita North Grafton, Massachusetts Rome, Italy USA ISBN 978-3-7091-1561-9 ISBN 978-3-7091-1562-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6 Springer Wien Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013954572 © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface It is more than a 100 years since Cryptosporidium parasites were first described by Edward Tyzzer.1 In addition to the initial discovery, two events stand out for having significantly impacted our awareness of these parasites and the diseases they cause. The HIV epidemic and the emergence of cryptosporidiosis as a potentially severe opportunistic infection in people living with AIDS was significant, not only because of the clinical implications but because it motivated a substantial research effort and a desire to better understand these parasites. A second notable event was the waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak which occurred in Milwaukee in 1993. The importance of this outbreak is illustrated by the fact that the article2 reporting on the epidemiological investigation of the outbreak was cited over 600 times, more than any other paper with the term Cryptosporidium in the title listed in PubMed. Subsequently, the application of genotyping methods based on the polymerase chain reaction revealed the common occurrence of cryptosporidiosis in animals, particularly in young livestock, and the importance of zoonotic transmission of this parasite. Whereas waterborne outbreaks have provided incentives for improving drinking water quality, progress in treatment and prevention of cryptosporidiosis has been disappointing. As described in this book, basic research has generated a wealth of information on many aspects of Cryptosporidium biology, but this knowledge has not had a decisive impact on the progress towards the production of effective treatments or vaccines. Cryptosporidiosis thus remains a serious infec- tion, not only for immunocompromised individuals but also for children living in underdeveloped countries. In recognition of the disease burden, and to underline its link with poverty, the World Health Organization (WHO) has included cryptospo- ridiosis in the Neglected Diseases Initiative since 2004. 1 Tyzzer, E.E. (1907) A sporozoon found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 5,12–13. 2 Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE,Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB, et al. (1994) A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 331, 161–167. v vi Preface The content of this book reflects the extent to which our knowledge of Crypto- sporidium parasites has expanded in recent years. The 13 chapters are written by scientists, clinicians and veterinarians having many years of experience with these parasites and who together have published hundreds of research papers. This practical experience and scholarly activity is reflected in the quality of the contributions. The book covers a wide range of subjects, ranging from clinical cryptosporidiosis to the epidemiology, taxonomy, host-parasite interaction and molecular biology. Recent progress in the field of Cryptosporidium “omics” is also covered. We have grouped the chapters i ...