Giáo trình thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Dầu và Khí - Unit 3

CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION (FRACTIONATION)1. Description The first step in the refining process is the separation of crude oil into various fractions or straight-run cuts by distillation in atmospheric and vacuum towers. The main fractions or "cuts" obtained can be classified in order of decreasing volatility into gases, light distillates, middle distillates, gas oils, and residuum. 2. Atmospheric Distillation Tower At the refinery, the desalted crude feedstock is preheated using recovered process heat. ...
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Giáo trình thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Dầu và Khí - Unit 3Giáo trình Thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Dầu và Khí 13 UNIT 3 CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION (FRACTIONATION)1. DescriptionThe first step in the refining process is the separation of crude oil into variousfractions or straight-run cuts by distillation in atmospheric and vacuum towers.The main fractions or cuts obtained can be classified in order of decreasingvolatility into gases, light distillates, middle distillates, gas oils, and residuum.2. Atmospheric Distillation TowerAt the refinery, the desalted crude feedstock is preheated using recoveredprocess heat. The feedstock then flows to a direct-fired crude charge heaterwhere it is fed into the vertical distillation column just above the bottom, atpressures slightly above atmospheric and at temperatures ranging from 650 to7000F (heating crude oil above these temperatures may cause undesirablethermal cracking).The fractionating tower, a steel cylinder about 120 feet high, containshorizontal steel trays for separating and collecting the liquids. The trays permitthe vapors to bubble through the liquid on the tray, causing somecondensation at the temperature of that tray. An overflow pipe drains thecondensed liquids from each tray back to the tray below, where the highertemperature causes re-evaporation. The evaporation and condensingoperation is repeated many times until the desired degree of product purity isreached. FIGURE I. ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION.Giáo trình Thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Dầu và Khí 14 VOCABULARYatmospheric : khí quyển / ,ætmәsferik/cause : gây ra /k :z/classify : phân loại /klæsifai/condensation : sự ngưng tụ /,k ndensei∫n/desalt : Khử muối / di:s :lt/distillation : chưng cất / ,distilei∫n/drain : rút, tháo / drein/evaporation : sự bay hơi / i,væpәrei∫n/feedstock : nguyên liệu / [fi:dst k/fraction : phân số, phân đoạn / fræk∫n/ : lò = furnace /fә:nis/heater / hi:tә/in order of : theolight → middle → heavy : Nhẹ → Trung bình → Nặngoverflow pipe : ống (vách) chảy chuyền / ouvәflou/preheat : đun nóng trước / [,pri:hi:t/pressure : áp suất / pre∫ә(r)/purity : độ tinh khiết / pjuәrәti/recover : thu hồi / ri:k vә/residuum : cặn = residue / rezidju:/ / rizidjuәm/separation : sự phân cắt, phân chia /,sepәrei∫n/steel : thép / sti:l/step : Bước, giai đoạn / ‘step/temperature : nhiệt độ / temprәt∫ә/ : tháp = column / k lәm/tower / tauә/tray : đĩa / trei/undesirable : không mong muốn /, ndizaiәrәbl/vacuum : chân không / vækjuәm/various : khác nhau / veәriәs/volatility ...