Project Management for Construction Chapter 3
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Trong cả thiết kế và xây dựng, rất nhiều nhiệm vụ hoạt động phải được thực hiện với một loạt các ưu tiên và mối quan hệ khác giữa các nhiệm vụ khác nhau.
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Project Management for Construction Chapter 33. The Design and Construction Process3.1 Design and Construction as an Integrated SystemIn the planning of facilities, it is important to recognize the close relationship between design andconstruction. These processes can best be viewed as an integrated system. Broadly speaking, design isa process of creating the description of a new facility, usually represented by detailed plans andspecifications; construction planning is a process of identifying activities and resources required tomake the design a physical reality. Hence, construction is the implementation of a design envisionedby architects and engineers. In both design and construction, numerous operational tasks must beperformed with a variety of precedence and other relationships among the different tasks.Several characteristics are unique to the planning of constructed facilities and should be kept in mindeven at the very early stage of the project life cycle. These include the following: • Nearly every facility is custom designed and constructed, and often requires a long time to complete. • Both the design and construction of a facility must satisfy the conditions peculiar to a specific site. • Because each project is site specific, its execution is influenced by natural, social and other locational conditions such as weather, labor supply, local building codes, etc. • Since the service life of a facility is long, the anticipation of future requirements is inherently difficult. • Because of technological complexity and market demands, changes of design plans during construction are not uncommon.In an integrated system, the planning for both design and construction can proceed almostsimultaneously, examining various alternatives which are desirable from both viewpoints and thuseliminating the necessity of extensive revisions under the guise of value engineering. Furthermore, thereview of designs with regard to their constructibility can be carried out as the project progresses fromplanning to design. For example, if the sequence of assembly of a structure and the critical loadings onthe partially assembled structure during construction are carefully considered as a part of the overallstructural design, the impacts of the design on construction falsework and on assembly details can beanticipated. However, if the design professionals are expected to assume such responsibilities, theymust be rewarded for sharing the risks as well as for undertaking these additional tasks. Similarly,when construction contractors are expected to take over the responsibilities of engineers, such asdevising a very elaborate scheme to erect an unconventional structure, they too must be rewardedaccordingly. As long as the owner does not assume the responsibility for resolving this risk-rewarddilemma, the concept of a truly integrated system for design and construction cannot be realized.It is interesting to note that European owners are generally more open to new technologies and to sharerisks with designers and contractors. In particular, they are more willing to accept responsibilities forthe unforeseen subsurface conditions in geotechnical engineering. Consequently, the designers andcontractors are also more willing to introduce new techniques in order to reduce the time and cost ofconstruction. In European practice, owners typically present contractors with a conceptual design, and 51contractors prepare detailed designs, which are checked by the owners engineers. Those detaileddesigns may be alternate designs, and specialty contractors may also prepare detailed alternate designs.Example 3-1: Responsibility for Shop DrawingsThe willingness to assume responsibilities does not come easily from any party in the current litigiousclimate of the construction industry in the United States. On the other hand, if owner, architect,engineer, contractor and other groups that represent parts of the industry do not jointly fix theresponsibilities of various tasks to appropriate parties, the standards of practice will eventually be setby court decisions. In an attempt to provide a guide to the entire spectrum of participants in aconstruction project, the American Society of Civil Engineers issued a Manual of Professional Practiceentitled Quality in the Constructed Project in 1990. This manual is intended to help bring a turnaround of the fragmentation of activities in the design and construction process.Shop drawings represent the assembly details for erecting a structure which should reflect the intentand rationale of the original structural design. They are prepared by the construction contractor andreviewed by the design professional. However, since the responsibility for preparing s ...
Nội dung trích xuất từ tài liệu:
Project Management for Construction Chapter 33. The Design and Construction Process3.1 Design and Construction as an Integrated SystemIn the planning of facilities, it is important to recognize the close relationship between design andconstruction. These processes can best be viewed as an integrated system. Broadly speaking, design isa process of creating the description of a new facility, usually represented by detailed plans andspecifications; construction planning is a process of identifying activities and resources required tomake the design a physical reality. Hence, construction is the implementation of a design envisionedby architects and engineers. In both design and construction, numerous operational tasks must beperformed with a variety of precedence and other relationships among the different tasks.Several characteristics are unique to the planning of constructed facilities and should be kept in mindeven at the very early stage of the project life cycle. These include the following: • Nearly every facility is custom designed and constructed, and often requires a long time to complete. • Both the design and construction of a facility must satisfy the conditions peculiar to a specific site. • Because each project is site specific, its execution is influenced by natural, social and other locational conditions such as weather, labor supply, local building codes, etc. • Since the service life of a facility is long, the anticipation of future requirements is inherently difficult. • Because of technological complexity and market demands, changes of design plans during construction are not uncommon.In an integrated system, the planning for both design and construction can proceed almostsimultaneously, examining various alternatives which are desirable from both viewpoints and thuseliminating the necessity of extensive revisions under the guise of value engineering. Furthermore, thereview of designs with regard to their constructibility can be carried out as the project progresses fromplanning to design. For example, if the sequence of assembly of a structure and the critical loadings onthe partially assembled structure during construction are carefully considered as a part of the overallstructural design, the impacts of the design on construction falsework and on assembly details can beanticipated. However, if the design professionals are expected to assume such responsibilities, theymust be rewarded for sharing the risks as well as for undertaking these additional tasks. Similarly,when construction contractors are expected to take over the responsibilities of engineers, such asdevising a very elaborate scheme to erect an unconventional structure, they too must be rewardedaccordingly. As long as the owner does not assume the responsibility for resolving this risk-rewarddilemma, the concept of a truly integrated system for design and construction cannot be realized.It is interesting to note that European owners are generally more open to new technologies and to sharerisks with designers and contractors. In particular, they are more willing to accept responsibilities forthe unforeseen subsurface conditions in geotechnical engineering. Consequently, the designers andcontractors are also more willing to introduce new techniques in order to reduce the time and cost ofconstruction. In European practice, owners typically present contractors with a conceptual design, and 51contractors prepare detailed designs, which are checked by the owners engineers. Those detaileddesigns may be alternate designs, and specialty contractors may also prepare detailed alternate designs.Example 3-1: Responsibility for Shop DrawingsThe willingness to assume responsibilities does not come easily from any party in the current litigiousclimate of the construction industry in the United States. On the other hand, if owner, architect,engineer, contractor and other groups that represent parts of the industry do not jointly fix theresponsibilities of various tasks to appropriate parties, the standards of practice will eventually be setby court decisions. In an attempt to provide a guide to the entire spectrum of participants in aconstruction project, the American Society of Civil Engineers issued a Manual of Professional Practiceentitled Quality in the Constructed Project in 1990. This manual is intended to help bring a turnaround of the fragmentation of activities in the design and construction process.Shop drawings represent the assembly details for erecting a structure which should reflect the intentand rationale of the original structural design. They are prepared by the construction contractor andreviewed by the design professional. However, since the responsibility for preparing s ...
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