Báo cáo sinh học: Developing a theoretical relationship between electrical resistivity, temperature, and film thickness for conductors

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Báo cáo sinh học: "Developing a theoretical relationship between electrical resistivity, temperature, and film thickness for conductors"Nanoscale Research Letters This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon.Developing a theoretical relationship between electrical resistivity, temperature, and film thickness for conductors Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:636 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-636 Fred Lacy (fredlacy@engr.subr.edu) ISSN 1556-276X Article type Nano Express Submission date 7 June 2011 Acceptance date 22 December 2011 Publication date 22 December 2011 Article URL http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/6/1/636 This peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in Nanoscale Research Letters are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in Nanoscale Research Letters go to http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/authors/instructions/ For information about other SpringerOpen publications go to http://www.springeropen.com © 2011 Lacy ; licensee Springer.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Developing a theoretical relationship between electrical resistivity,temperature, and film thickness for conductorsFred Lacy*11 Electrical Engineering Department, Southern University and A&M College,Pinchback Hall, Rm 428, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA*Corresponding author: fredlacy@engr.subr.eduEmail address:FL: fredlacy@engr.subr.eduAbstract Experimental evidence has made it clear that the size of an object can have aneffect on its properties. The electrical resistivity of a thin film will become larger asthe thickness of that film decreases in size. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity willalso increase as the temperature increases. To help understand these relationships, amodel is presented, and equations are obtained to help understand the mechanismsresponsible for these properties and to give insight into the underlying physicsbetween these parameters. Comparisons are made between experimental data andvalues generated from the theoretical equations derived from the model. All of thisanalysis provides validation for the theoretical model. Therefore, since the model isaccurate, it provides insight into the underlying physics that relates electricalresistivity to temperature and film thickness.Keywords: Callendar-van Dusen; conductivity; mean free path; nanofilm; resistancetemperature detector; temperature sensor; thin film.PACS: 73.61.At; 73.50.Bk; 72.15.Eb; 72.10.d; 63.20.kd.Introduction Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science that seeks to understandhow materials operate and function when at least one of their dimensions is less than100 nm in size. Through various experimental studies, it is understood that whenmaterials shrink to dimensions on the nanoscale, many of the properties orcharacteristics that they display in bulk form are no longer valid [1-5]. Mechanical,thermodynamic, electrical, and optical properties have been shown to be alteredbecause of the size difference. The reasons for this change in properties are due toincreased surface interactions as well as absorption and scattering effects [1-5]. Several studies have shown that diminishing one of the dimensions of aconductor will alter the electrical resistivity of the material [6-22]. The electricalresistivity that the material has when it is in bulk form is not the resistivity that thematerial has when it is nanosized. It is understood that this change occurs because the -1-mean free path of conduction electrons is reduced due to increased scattering effects.Obviously, the electrical resistivity, and other properties, of thin films may behavedifferently than expected if the thickness of the material becomes sufficiently small. Numerous research studie ...