Kẽm tích tụ ở địa y do khí thải công nghiệp khoảng Vorkuta, phía đông bắc châu Âu của Nga

Nồng độ kẽm trong apices [Zn 2 +] đỉnh của địa y, arbuscula Cladoniavà rangiferina C. được xác định theo lát cắt qua hai thị trấn Bắc cực tiểu trongUsa lưu vực sông, phía đông bắc châu Âu của Nga. Một lát cắt, được 130 km dàichạy theo hướng đông-tây, đi qua thị trấn Vorkuta và kháclát cắt, được dài 240 km chạy theo hướng tây nam-đông bắc, được thông quathông qua INTA. Kẽm ac-tích lũy trong địa y, đã được phát hiện 25-40 km trongvùng lân cận của Vorkuta, phần lớn là do khí thải địa phương của tro...
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Kẽm tích tụ ở địa y do khí thải công nghiệp khoảng Vorkuta, phía đông bắc châu Âu của Nga vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 141–147, 2008 Zinc accumulation in lichens due to industrial emissions around Vorkuta, northeast European Russia Tony R. WALKER School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Dillon Consulting Limited, 137 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3S 1B3, Canada Abstract: Zinc concentrations in apices [Zn 2+]apex of the lichens, Cladonia arbuscula and C. rangiferina were determined along transects through two sub−Arctic towns in the Usa River Basin, northeast European Russia. One transect, which was 130 km long running in an east−west direction, passed through the town of Vorkuta and the other transect, which was 240 km long running in a southwest−northeast direction, passed through Inta. Zinc ac− cumulation in lichens, which was detected 25–40 km within the vicinity of Vorkuta, was largely attributed to local emissions of alkaline coal ash from coal combustion. The present results using C. arbuscula around Vorkuta are consistent with those of previous studies sug− gesting that this lichen is a useful bioindicator for trace metals. There was no such elevation of [Zn 2+]apex detected in C. rangiferina along the transect running through Inta. K e y w o r d s : Arctic, atmospheric deposition, zinc, lichens, bioindicators, Cladonia arbus− cula, Cladonia rangiferina.Introduction Russia is the principal contributor of metal emissions in Europe and has themost extensive industrial developments north of the Arctic Circle including themining and metallurgical industries of Norilsk in Siberia and Monchegorsk onthe Kola Peninsula (Toutoubalina and Rees 1999; Reimann et al. 2000). Bycompari− son, north−eastern European Russia has suffered less from industrialpollution and large areas remain unpolluted, although some locations bear thesigns of local en− vironmental degradation, such as changes in communitystructure of vegetation around the coal mining town of Vorkuta (Virtanen et al.2002). Exploitation of coal here began in the 1930s and intensified until the1990s when extraction de− clined owing to increased transportation costs andpoor combustion qualities of the coal (Hill 2000). Vorkuta is the centre of thecoal industry with six mines operating during the period of this research in 1999whereas Inta had fewer operating minesPol. Polar Res. 29 (2): 141–147, 2008142 Tony R. Walkerin 1998 and a comparatively smaller coal mining industry. Coal mining and com−bustion for power generation have been the principal sources of heavy metalpollu− tion in the region; with Vorkuta being the highest emitter and suffering alegacy of pollution impacts resulting from the deposition of alkaline fly ash(Solovieva et al.2002; Walker et al. 2003a, b; Walker 2005). An inventory of pollutants emittedfrom both towns has been summarized by Solovieva et al. (2002). Mat−forming terricolous lichens are important components of plantcommuni− ties in high latitudes, where they contribute to nutrient cycling andsecondary pro− duction, such as grazing (Longton 1997). Lichens are primarilydependant on at− mospheric sources for nutrients and therefore readilyaccumulate atmospheric contaminants, such as metals (Nash and Gries 1995).Therefore, they are amongst the most pollution sensitive receptors in terrestrialecosystems (Richardson 1988). Spatial variation in the chemical composition oflichens has been widely used to monitor environmental quality as a result ofindustrial activities including situated around coal−fired power stations (Gonzalezand Pignata 1997; Walker and Pystina2006; Walker et al. 2006a). The principle source of electrical power used in thetown in this study is generated by coal−fired power stations. The present research aimed at assessing the extent of zinc deposition due tolo− cal sources around Vorkuta and Inta in the Komi Republic, northeastEuropean Russia using the lichens Cladonia arbuscula and C. rangiferina alonga transect passing through both towns. This region spans the sub−Arctic taigaforest and tun− dra ecotones and has already been identified as a significantsource of metal emis− sions mainly as a result of coal fired power stations in thetowns of Vorkuta and to a lesser extent Inta (Solovieva et al. 2002; Walker etal. 2003a, b; Walker 2005; Walker et al. 2006b). The study provided anopportunity to further evaluate the use of terricolous lichens as bioindicators ofmetal deposition (Walker et al. 2003b,2006a).Materials and methods Transect s for samp ling lichens were establishe d that pass ed through thetowns of Vorkuta (67 30’N, 6 ...