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kĩ năng viết trong các bài test 2 – CIVICS AND GOVERNMENT –government is divided into three branches: the legislative, ernments vary from the state and federal model. Thereexecutive, and judicial. Each branch has an important are three basic forms of local government:function: Mayor-council—in this form, voters elect a The legislative branch makes laws. mayor as city or town executive and they elect ■ The executive branch carries out laws. a council member from each specific ward. ■ The judicial branch interprets laws. Council-manager—in this form, voters elect ■ council members, who, in turn, hire a manager The U.S. Constitution also allows each branch to place to run the day-to-day operations of the city orcontrols or limits on the power of the other two town.branches, so that no one branch dominates. This frame- Commission—in this form, voters elect commis-work is called the system of checks and balances. For sioners to head a city or county department,example, the legislature (U.S. Congress) may pass a bill, like the fire, police, or public worksbut before it can become law, the executive (the presi- department.dent) must sign it. The president can refuse it by vetoingit. However, Congress can still pass the bill into law—in State governments must approve and grant power to, oran action called overriding the veto—if two-thirds of its charter, all town and city governments.members vote for it. (See table at bottom of this page.) Political Parties Although the U.S. Constitution does not mention theState and Local GovernmentsState governments resemble the framework of the federal existence of political parties, they have played an influ-government. The governor acts as the chief executive and ential role throughout most of the country’s history. Acan veto legislation. Most states have legislatures made of political party is an organization that presents its posi-two houses, and each state has its own court system, con- tions on public issues and promotes candidates that sup-stitution, and a system of checks and balances. Local gov- port its point of view. STRUCTURE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ■ Executive Branch President A president is elected by the voters for four-year term. ■ Vice President A president cannot serve more than two terms. ■ Agencies Vice president becomes head of state if the president Departments becomes disabled or dies in office. ■ Agencies carry out a president’s policies and provide special services. ■ Department heads advise a president and carry out policies. ■ Legislative Branch U.S. Congress: Number of representatives for each state is based on the House of population of that state. ■ Representatives Representatives serve two-year terms. ■ Senate Each state has two senators. ■ Senators serve six-year terms. ■ Judicial Branch U.S. Supreme Court U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation. ■ Circuit Courts The president appoints the nine justices of the Supreme Court. ■ of Appeals Term is for life. Federal District Courts 145 ...