Kiến trúc và xây dựng hướng đến phát triển bền vững - Kỷ yếu khoa học: Phần 2

Nối tiếp nội dung phần 1, phần 2 cuốn "Kỷ yếu khoa học - Kiến trúc và xây dựng hướng đến phát triển bền vững" là các giải pháp thiết kế kiến trúc và thiết kế đô thị bền vững bao gồm các lĩnh vực ứng dụng mô hình mô phỏng, mô hình BIM, mô hình thiết kế đô thị khả dụng và thiết kế không gian đô thị hướng đến sức khỏe cộng đồng trong bối cảnh dịch bệnh; lĩnh vực giải pháp xây dựng làng thông minh, đặc tính xanh trong tổ chức không gian và sử dụng vật liệu tự nhiên của kiến trúc nhà ở, sinh thái cảnh quan cho các không gian mặt nước trong đô thị, tái sử dụng nước đô thị và giải pháp tái chế nguyên liệu tại chỗ trang trí không gian đô thị Bình Dương hướng đến đô thị xanh trong tương lai.
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Kiến trúc và xây dựng hướng đến phát triển bền vững - Kỷ yếu khoa học: Phần 2 BUILDING HOUSING WITH 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Ngo Dinh Nguyen Khoi1 1. Thu Dau Mot University; Email: khoindn@tdmu.edu.vn Abstract 3D printing technology is a modern advanced technique that is increasingly widely used in many areas of life. In which, building houses using 3D printing technology is being used more and more in countries with advanced science. The application of 3D printing technology in construction in the world is growing strongly. With the advantage of saving costs, human resources, and fast construction time, the use of 3D printing technology in housing construction is expected to develop strongly in the future in Vietnam. Through the article, the author wishes to provide basic information about the history of formation and development, in order to apply 3D printing technology in housing construction in Vietnam in the future. Keywords: 3D printing techniques, build, construction, house 1. Introduction Housing demand is growing very rapidly in Vietnam today. The application of 3D printing technology to build in the shortest time is what contractors are very satisfied with compared to the long construction time, which is dependent on the skills of the masons and the weather. However, because of the cost of this technique and the technical transfer still facing many difficulties, 3D printing technology in Vietnam has not been widely applied. The biggest obstacle to the popularization of 3D printing technology is the lack of national standards for additive manufacturing, especially those on general and specific requirements for materials, structures, and techniques. technology, equipment, quality control, feature management, and additive manufacturing. Currently, Vietnam does not have national standard systems (classification of materials, requirements for quality of raw materials, structures, techniques, equipment, unified computer model formats). 3D printing has been around since the 1950s. Early developments in 1995–2000 include two methods by Joseph Pegna and Behrohk Khoshnevis. Sand-and-cement technology that uses steam to bond solid parts and a new method of pressing lamps and forming ceramics.[1] The first generation 2000–2010 marked the period of bringing 3D printing technology into construction with great success. Inventors constantly bring new techniques and machines that make technology more and more perfect. The second generation from 2010 – currently is the period of strong development of 3D printing techniques in construction. More and more buildings are built based on this technique all over the world. 3D printing technology is the common name for product manufacturing techniques based on the data of digital models (or 129 CAD) by the method of adding layers of materials. Layer-by-layer composite techniques could be a breakthrough for structures made of cement-based materials. 3D printing in home construction is shortening time, reducing costs, creating better quality, more beautiful and almost no waste of construction materials or scaffolding. The use of this technique also helps workers protect their health, because they are not exposed to dusty and toxic working environments like normal construction processes. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. 3D Printer The World Savings Advanced Projects (WASP) has built a 12 meter tall 3D printer called BigDelta. The operating principle of the machine is similar to that of a conventional 3D filament printer, larger in size but still light and easy to transport and assemble. The supporting frame for the giant nozzle moves in a circle, slowly spraying the material layer by layer, forming the walls and other parts of the house. BigDelta can build houses from mud, clay, cement, water and natural fibers, reducing costs, while not affecting the environment. Figure 1. Types of 3D printers [2] Figure 2. The world's largest 3D printer BigDelta [2] 2.2. Materials for 3D printing The materials applied for 3D printing are quite diverse such as: different polymers, steel powder, titanium alloy, nickel, aluminum, copper, ceramic, nano composite, bio-composite. Particularly in house construction, 3D printing techniques have not been widely applied, accordingly, new applied materials are currently in the research stage. The material mixture should be rheological, i.e. decrease in yield at pour and increase in yield at rest. One possible material solution for 3D printing is the use of sulfur concrete - a mixture of sulfur and aggregates. The mixture will be heated past the melting point of sulfur. Once cooled, sulfur concrete will reach the desired strength without much time to cure. Conventional cement takes a long time to cure, so it does not meet the material requirements for 3D printers. To optimize 130 the 3D printing process two conditions are required: the cohesion of the layers decreases if the printing time between the two layers increases; The material needs to cure sufficiently to withstand the load of the next printing layer without deformation. The need to cure the preprinted layers will reduce the speed of construction. The interval between two successive printings shall be long enough to ensure the required strength and shall be short enough to ensure cohesion between the layers. The addition of limestone increases the compressive and flexural strength and increases the mobility of the concrete, which is important for extrusion work. Metakaolin helps to improve the properties of mixes and concrete. Metakaolin when added to cement will increase the strength and durability of concrete. This not only increas ...