Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 1: The human body: An orientation (part a)

Chapter 1 - The human body: An orientation (part a). This chapter presents the following content: Overview of anatomy and physiology, principle of complementarity, levels of structural organization, overview of organ systems, organ systems interrelationships, necessary life functions,...and other contents.
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Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 1: The human body: An orientation (part a) Chapter 1TheHumanBody: AnOrientation: PartA Overview of Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy: The study of structure of the bodySubdivisions: Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface, and systemic anatomy) Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology) Developmental (e.g., embryology) Overview of Anatomy and PhysiologyEssentialtoolsforthestudy ofanatomy: Anatomical terminology Observation Palpation Auscultation Overview of Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology: The study of function of the body at many levels Subdivisions are based on organ systems (e.g., renal, digestive, cardiovascular physiology) Overview of Anatomy and PhysiologyEssential tools for the study of physiology: Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular) Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement) Principle of ComplementarityAnatomy and physiology areinseparable.Function always reflects structureWhat a structure can do depends on its specific form Levels of Structural OrganizationChemical: atoms and molecules (Chapter 2)Cellular: cells and their organelles (Chapter 3)Tissue: groups of similar cells (Chapter 4)Organ: contains two or more types of tissuesOrgansystem:organs that work closely togetherOrganismal: all organ systemsAtoms Molecule Organelle Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level 1 Chemical level Cells are made up of Atoms combine to form molecules. molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar Heart types of cells. Blood Blood vessel (organ) vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level 5 Organ system levelThe human organism is made up Organ systems consist of differentof many organ systems. organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1, step 6 Overview of Organ Systems Major organs and functions of the 11 organ systemsDigestive systemNervous systemRespiratory systemCardiovascular systemLymphatic systemUrinary system Organ SystemsMuscular systemSkeletal systemIntegumentary systemEndocrine systemReproductive system Organ Systems InterrelationshipsAll cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needsOrgan systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions Necessary Life Functions1. Boundary: Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments  Plasma membranes  Skin1. Movement: (contractility)  Of body parts (skeletal muscle)  Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)Necessary Life Functions3. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimuli  Withdrawal reflex  Control of breathing rate4. Digestion:  Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs  Absorption of simple moleculesNecessary Life Functions5. Metabolism: All chemical reactions that occur in body cells  Catabolism and anabolism6. Excretion:The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion Necessary Life Functions7. Reproduction:  Cellular division for growth or repair  Production of offspring8. Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of organism Survival Needs1. Nutrients:  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins2. Oxygen:  Essential for energy release (ATP production) Survival Needs3. Water:  Most abundant chemical in the body  Site of chemical reactions4. Bodytemperature:  Affects rate of chemical reactions5. Atmosphericpressure:  For adequate breathing and gas HomeostasisItisthemain ...