russian a self teaching guide phần 9

Thử nghiệm cho 3 Mastery dịch1. Latvia nằm giữa Litva và Estonia. 2. Ngoài các ngọn núi có một ngôi làng nhỏ. 3. Bạn là gì bằng văn bản với? Đôi khi tôi viết với một cây bút và đôi khi với một chiếc bút chì. 4. Mọi người đều coi ông là một kỹ sư có khả năng. (Mọi người đều nghĩ rằng ông là một kỹ sư có khả năng)
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russian a self teaching guide phần 9250 RUSSIAN: A Self-Teaching Guide 9. правñтельством 12. кóшкой, столóм 10. зубáми 13. лéтом, самолётом, пóездом 11. Чем, архитéктором 14. мáрками Test for Mastery 3 Translation 1. Latvia is situated between Lithuania and Estonia. 2. Beyond the mountains there is a small village. 3. What are you writing with? Sometimes I write with a pen and sometimes with a pencil. 4. Everyone considers him a capable engineer. (Everyone thinks that he is a capable engineer.) 5. Petya likes mushroom pirozhki, meat pirozhki, and rice pirozhki, but he doesn’t like cabbage pirozhki. 6. In my youth I worked as a waiter, but now I work as a secretary. 7. Masha wants to become a big movie star. 8. She told me this secret in a whisper. 9. The administration is faced with a critical problem. (Lit. Before the adminis- tration stands a critical problem.) 10. When I’m nervous I grind my teeth. 11. What do you do? I work as an architect. 12. The dog is playing with the cat under the table. 13. In the summer we went to Texas. We went there by plane but returned by train. 14. Vanya went to the post office for stamps.15 Verbs of Motion Глагoлы движeния Students of Russian have been known to wring their hands and sweat profusely in their many attempts to master Russian verbs of motion. It is widely known that a shelf’s worth of books have been written on the subject, and, indeed, there is no denying that verbs of motion are a complex and Byzantine topic. These verbs, however, cannot only be mastered, they can be conquered in a relatively painless way, so that ninety-five percent of the time the student will be able to choose the correct form of the verb. Probably the most daunting fact is that there are so many ways to translate the simple verb to go in Russian. A speaker will distinguish between going on foot, by vehicle, by plane, or by boat. You may also crawl, climb, run, or shuffle. Any one of these verbs may be rendered into English as go. Which to choose? Intransitive Verbs of Motion Imperfective Perfective English Indeterminate Determinate (multidirectional) (unidirectional) ходñть идтñ пойтñ to go (on foot) éздить éхать поéхать to go (by vehicle) летáть летéть полетéть to fly плáвать поплπть плыть to swim, sail бéгать бежáть побежáть to run 251252 RUSSIAN: A Self-Teaching Guide Imperfective Perfective English Indeterminate Determinate (multidirectional) (unidirectional) бродñть* брестñ побрестñ to stroll, shuffle пóлзать* ползтñ поползтñ to crawl лáзить* полéзть лезть to climb * These verbs are less commonly used and will not be covered in this chapter. Let’s begin with two simple but essential criteria that Russians use to charac- terize what they mean when they say go. 1. Russians distinguish between going on your own two feet and going by vehicle—any ground vehicle (bicycle, skateboard, golf cart, bus, paddy wagon, elevator), as long as you are riding or being driven. 2. Russians specify the type of action—whether it is a one-time, one-direction action, or whether it is multiple or habitual. It is this latter principle that needs to be understood, learned, and remem- bered, and the best way to do this is by comparing a few Russian sentences with the English translations. Ходñть vs. Идтñ Ходñть Идтñ я хожÿ мы хóдим я идÿ ...