Starting Steps

- Basic elements of the sentence : Subject , Objects , Complements e. g : He is reading a book . Maria is going to buy her son a new watch . The test was so difficult .
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Starting Steps Starting Steps   WRITING I 98/99 1- Basic elements of the sentence : Subject , Objects , Complements e. g : He is reading a book . Maria is going to buy her son a new watch . The test was so difficult . 2- Phrases and Clauses : Phrases : groups of words containing non-finite verbs ( -ING / -ED forms of verbs , To- infinitive ) e .g : Looking at the board , she knew that she was on the wrong way . This is a long novel written by a very famous writer . Old Dinger’s ghost was said to live in the surrounding hills . Clauses : groups of words containing finite verbs e .g : The cat jumped onto my father’s lap while he was reading his letters . Looking at the board , she knew that she was on the wrong way . Practice : Identify phrases and clauses in the following sentences : 1-The woman driving the car indicated that she was going left and then turned right . 2- I shan’t go unless he asks me . 3- When it rains , I usually go to the office by bus . 4- Henry did the work as it ought to be done . 5-Mary has gone to get some fruit . 6-I received my wages yesterday , so that I can now pay what I owe you . 7-Walking through the park , we saw a lovely show of daffodils . 8-The concert given by the Philharmonic Orchestra was a great success . 3-Subordinate clauses : Functions : Nouns , Adjectives , Adverbs . e .g : What he likes is what I hate . Can you tell me what the time is ? The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath . As my secretary is away at present , I have a great many extra letters to answer. When we came in , they were having dinner . I know that he is the leader . The news that he heard from his friend was a great shock to him . The news that his father got terribly ill was a great shock to him . Practice :Identify the subordinating clauses and its functions in the following sentences : 1-The book which you lent me was interesting . 2-How the prisoners escaped is a complete mystery . 3-George said that he was pleased to welcome our Italian friends . 4-I shall do the exercises as I have been taught . 5-The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true . 6-He asked me why I had come there . 7-As the car was so small he sold it . 8-He kept on with his work until he had finished it . 9-Stay where you are ! 10-The idea that you can do this work without thinking is quite wrong . 4-Complex , Compound , Compound-Complex : main clause + subordinate clause (s ) -> complex main clause + main clause -> compound main clause + main clause + subordinate clause -> compound-complex e .g : I am teaching you English and you are listening to me . The man said that he was tired . Do you understand that or is the point still not clear ? The boy who was attacked by the thieves closed the door and then he walked away . The thief ran away when he saw the policeman . They could not decide what to do so they asked for my advice .   WRITING I Starting points I Identify phrases , clauses in the following sentences : 3 1-Suddenly the tornado hit the town , ripping roots away from houses , wrenching trees from the ground . 2-Anyone who likes rock music wants to hear it all day long . 3-Eventhough I enjoy pastoral beauty , bugs scare me and flowers make me sneeze . 4-We tried out our new speed boat when the see was calm . 5-An educated person is one who knows not only the extent of his knowledge but also its limits . 6-It is difficult to estimate the impact of televised violence upon young children . 7-Many parents are under the impression that education is to be got only in school . 8-Before election , it is every politician’s opinion that taxes must be cut. 9-The police were annoyed by the jeers of the crowd . 10-She became interested in social work through her summer job in a camp for underprivileged children . II Underline the subordinating clause and denote its function : 1 -While I did well in class , I was a poor performer at games 2- A great storm had brought the sea right into the house , so that they had been forced to make their escape by a window at the back . 3- Where the pink cliffs rose out of the ground there were often narrow tracks winding upwards . 4- George said he was pleased to welcome our Italian friends . 5- You can have this for what I paid for it . 6-The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true . 7-The news that he told me was terrible . 8- That it was done deliberately is quite clear. 9-I know the reason why he was so angry . 10-He is the kindest man I know . III Identify compound , complex , compound-complex sentences : 1-Teachers frown on the idea of cramming the night before an exam , but it’s better than flunking . 2-One of the major objections to capital punishment is not that it is ineffective as a deterrent to crime but that it is so inconsistently administered . 3-The argument for the legalisation of marijuana rests on the contention that the drug is not addictive . 4-The teacher told the class he was retiring that year , and there was a burst of applause ...