Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 2: Chemistry comes alive (part a)

Why study chemistry in an anatomy and physiology course? The answer is simple. Your entire body is made up of chemicals, thousands of them, continuously interacting with one another at an incredible pace. Although it is possible to study anatomy without much reference to chemistry, chemical reactions underlie all physiological processes—movement, digestion, the pumping of your heart, and even your thoughts. This chapter presents the basic chemistry and biochemistry (the chemistry of living material) you need to understand body functions.
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Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 2: Chemistry comes alive (part a) PartAChemistryComesAlive Anythingthathasmassandoccupiesspace Statesofmatter: 1. Solid—definiteshapeandvolume 2. Liquid—definitevolume,changeableshape 3. Gas—changeableshapeandvolume Capacitytodoworkorputmatterintomotion Typesofenergy: ◦Kinetic—energyinaction ◦Potential—stored(inactive)energyPLAY Animation: Energy Concepts Chemicalenergy—storedinbondsofchemical substances Electricalenergy—resultsfrommovementof chargedparticles Mechanicalenergy—directlyinvolvedinmoving matter Radiantorelectromagneticenergy—exhibits wavelikeproperties(i.e.,visiblelight,ultraviolet light,andXrays) Energycanneitherbecreatednordestroyed (1stlawofthermodynamics) Energymaybeconvertedfromoneformto another Conversionisinefficientbecausesomeenergyis “lost”asheat Elements ◦Cannotbebrokendownbyordinarychemicalmeans ◦Eachhasuniqueproperties:  Physicalproperties  Aredetectablewithoursenses,oraremeasurable  Chemicalproperties  Howatomsinteract(bond)withoneanother Atoms ◦Uniquebuildingblocksforeachelement Atomicsymbol:oneortwoletterchemical shorthandforeachelement Eg:CopperCuSulfurS IronFePotassiumK MercuryHgPhosphorusP GoldAuIodineI Oxygen(O) Carbon(C) About 96% of body mass Hydrogen(H) Nitrogen(N) About3.9%ofbodymass: ◦calcium(Ca),phosphorus(P),potassium(K), sulfur(S),sodium(Na),chlorine(Cl), magnesium(Mg),iodine(I),andiron(Fe)  Determinedbynumbersofsubatomicparticles Nucleusconsistsofneutronsandprotons Neutrons  Nocharge  Mass=1atomicmassunit(amu) Protons  Positivecharge  Mass=1amu Electrons ◦Orbitnucleus ◦Equalinnumbertoprotonsinatom ◦Negativecharge ◦1/2000themassofaproton(0amu)Notconsideredin thecalculationofatomicweight Planetarymodel ◦Depictsfixedcircularelectronpaths ◦Usefulforillustrations(asinthetext) Nucleus Nucleus Helium atom Helium atom 2 protons (p+) 2 protons (p+) 2 neutrons (n0) 2 neutrons (n0) 2 electrons (e–) 2 electrons (e–) (a) Planetary model (b) Orbital model Proton Neutron Electron Electron cloudCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.1 Atomsofdifferentelementscontaindifferent numbersofsubatomicparticles ◦Comparehydrogen,heliumandlithium(nextslide) Proton Neutron Electron Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li) (1p+; 0n0; 1e–) (2p+; 2n0; 2e–) (3p+; 4n0; 3e–)Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.2 Atomicnumber=numberofprotonsin nucleus Atomicweight=massoftheprotonsand neutrons Proton Neutron Electron Hydrogen (1H) Deuterium (2H) Tritium (3H) (1p+; 0n0; 1e–) (1p+; 1n0; 1e–) (1p+; 2n0; 1e–)Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.3