Phương pháp tự rèn luyện kỹ năng viết tiếng Anh học thuật: Phần 2

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Phương pháp tự rèn luyện kỹ năng viết tiếng Anh học thuật: Phần 2 PART III Sentence Stmcture 169 CHAPTER Types of Sentences ♦ i ^ • : I o ' » .• i < t Thai manuscript Clauses Clauses are the building blocks o f sentences. A clause is a group o f words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb. These are clauses: These are not clauses: ecology is a Science to protect the environment because pollution causes cancer after working ail day There are tvvo kinds o f clauses: independent and dependent. 170 Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences hưỉependent Cỉauses An independent claiise contains a subject and a verb and expresses a compleíe thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itselí. An independent clause is funned vvith subject verb (+ complement) Students normally spend four years in college. I will declare my major’ now, but I may change it later. Many international students experience cuỉture shock when they tome to the United States. Independent Cỉauses A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, whiỉe, if, íhaí, or who. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by itselí. A dependent clause is íormed with suborđinator + subject verb (+ complement) . although students normally spend four years In college. if I đeclare my major now... when they come to the United States... who was accepted at Harvard University that the experiment was a success... A partial list o f subordinators tbllovvs in the chart o f clause connectors. Stuđy th chart, and then refer to it when you do Practice I . Clause Connectors Three groups o f vvords are used to connect clauses in order to form different kinds c sentences. They are subordinators (subordinating conjunctions), coordinators (cooi dinating conjunctions), and conjunctive adverbs. ’ declare my major: officially register a major field o f study vvith the university Part III Sentence Structure CLAUSE CONNECTORS SUBORDINATORS (SUBORDINATING C0NJUNCT10NS) aíter before that when vvhich aỉthough even though though vvhenever vvhiỉe as hovv unỉess vvhere who as if if until vvherever vvhom as soon as since what \vhether vvhose because so that COORDINATORS (COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS) You can remember the seven coordinators by the phrase FAN BOYS: for and nor but or yet so C0NJUNCT1VE ADVERBS accordingly furthermore in contrast meanwhiỉe on the other haind besides hence ỉndeed moreover otherwise consequently hovvever instead nevertheless therefore for example in addition likewise nonetheless thus PRACTICE I lỉìdependeiu and Dependent Ciaiises Write ỈNDEP next to the independent clauses and put a period (.) after them. Write DEP next to the dependent clauses. ____ 1. Jet ỉag affects most ỉong-distance travelers ____ 2. Which is simply the urge to slcep at inappropriate times ____ 3. During long journeys through several time 70nẹs, the body's iniicrclock is disrupted ____ 4. For some reason, travel from west to east causes greater jet lagthantravel fro)m east to vvest __5. Also, changes in vvork schedules can cause jet lag ____ 6. When hospita! nurses change from a day shiíìt to a night shift,for example ____ 7. Although there is no sure vvay to prevent jet ỉag ____ 8. There are some ways to minimize it ____ 9. Because jet lag is caused at least partialỉy by ỉost o f sleep, not just a change ini the time o f sleep ____ 10. A traveler should plan to arrive at his or her destination as late as possible ____ 11. Upon arriving, he or she should iinmediately go to bed ____ 12. Then the traveler should start to live in.the new time frame immediately 72 Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences Khuls o/Seníences A sentence is a group of vvords that you use to comrnunicate your iđeas. Every scntence is íormed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thoưght. There are basically four kinds o f sentences in English: simple, compound, compỉex, and compound-compĩex. The kind o f sentence is determined by the kind o f cỉauses used to form it. Sùnpie Sentences A simple sentence is one independent clause. / eỉỹoy pỊaving tennis \vith mv/riends every> \veekenci. ỉ Cìỹoy plaỵing tennis and ỉook fon\'cird to it every \veekend. M yfriends and ỉ pỉay íennis and go bo\vling evcỉy \ị'eekend. Notice that the second sentence has two verbs, enjoy and ỉook /onvarci to. This is called a compound verb. Because there is only one clause, this is a simp ...