Advances in Spatial Science - Editorial Board Manfred M. Fischer Geoffrey J.D. Hewings Phần 5

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Advances in Spatial Science - Editorial Board Manfred M. Fischer Geoffrey J.D. Hewings Phần 57 The Determinants of Regional Educational Inequality in Western Europe 147Table 7.2 FEs (1) (2) (3) À1.0761 À1.0985 À1.1385Educational attainment (0.0251)*** (0.0325)*** (0.0371)*** (0.0225)*** (0.0376)*** (0.0445)***Income per capita 0.0038 0.0055 (0.0027) (0.0037) (0.0024) (0.0030)*Income inequality 0.2725 0.1674 (0.0867)*** (0.1106) (0.0786)*** (0.0868)*Population ageing 0.0047 (0.0049) (0.0048)Unemployment 0.1448 (0.3222) (0.2614) À0.0058Female’s work access (0.0028)** (0.0028)**R-squared 0.7888 0.7940 0.7596Observations 596 596 513LM test 1134.37 1047.57 784.54(p-value) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000)Hausman test 23.91 79.28 69.25(p-value) (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000)Note: (*), (**) and (***) indicate significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% level, respectively. (*), (**)and (***) denote the significance of the White (1980) estimator. LM TEST is the LagrangeMultiplier test for the random effects model based on the OLS residuals (Breusch and Pagan1980). HAUSMAN TEST is the Hausman (1978) test for fixed or random effects. A constant isincludedin favour of the FEs models, which are presented in Table 7.2. Table 7.3, whichincludes time-invariant variables (urbanisation, latitude, and institutional vari-ables), displays the OLS models.5 Regression 1 (Table 7.2) examines the pure educational attainment effect oneducational inequality. There is a strong negative relationship between the averagelevel of educational attainment and the inequality in the education level completed.The coefficient on educational attainment is statistically significant at the 1% level.The R-squared is 0.7888. It shows that educational attainment explains a largevariation in educational inequality in the sample. In terms of the goodness-of-fit, itis likely to indicate a good unconditioned model. Including the other variables ofthe model does not change this result (Regressions 2–3). Educational attainmentplays a prominent role and appears robust to the inclusion of additional influences.Taking into account the standardised coefficients (Table A1 in Appendix), it5The REs results are not reported because of space constraints, but may be obtained upon request. ´148 A. Rodrıguez-Pose and V. TseliosTable 7.3 OLS (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) À1.0990 À1.1127 À1.3622 À1.2859 À1.1899Educational attainment (0.0765)*** (0.0529)*** (0.0501)*** (0.0510)*** (0.0529)*** (0.0800)*** (0.0580)*** (0.0516)*** (0.0497)*** (0.0571)*** À0.0355 À0.0214 À0.0075 À0.0207 À0.0256Income per capita (0.0061)*** (0.0038)*** (0.0044)* (0.0033)*** (0.0046)*** (0.0056)*** (0.0034)*** (0.0047) (0.0038)*** (0.0048)***Income inequality 0.4926 0.4398 0.4814 0.7405 0.6511 (0.1528)*** (0.1208)*** (0.1016)*** (0.0940)*** (0.1139)*** (0.1372)*** (0.1004)*** (0.0923)*** (0.0732)*** (0.1008)*** À0.0014Population ageing 0.0052 0.0111 0.0163 0.0047 (0.0061) (0.0045) (0.0041)*** (0.0041)*** (0.0045) (0.0076) (0.0050) (0.0052)** (0.0049)*** (0.0052) À0.3464 À2.0025 À0.3720 À1.5483Unemployment 0.1922 (0.5673) (0.3048)*** (0.3317) (0.3104) (0.3323)*** (0.7354) (0.2980)*** (0.4129) (0.3817) ...